Changes

The cause of the overthrow was a combination of two battles taking place in England at the time; one was a battle between [[Protestantism]] and Catholicism, the other between the fledgling democracy of [[Parliament]] and the "Divine Right" of the King. James was unpopular with many politicians due to his Catholicism. However attempts to exclude him from becoming King had been unsuccessful.  William and Mary went on to become a popular and peaceful rulers.

The cause of the overthrow was a combination of two battles taking place in England at the time; one was a battle between [[Protestantism]] and Catholicism, the other between the fledgling democracy of [[Parliament]] and the "Divine Right" of the King. James was unpopular with many politicians due to his Catholicism. However attempts to exclude him from becoming King had been unsuccessful.  William and Mary went on to become a popular and peaceful rulers.

==Glorious Revolution 1688==

==Events of 1688==

In 1685 [[James II]] became king of England and alarmed many leaders by his pro-Catholic policies. William let it be known he was available if invited by a very broad spectrum of English political leadership. Unrest escalated with the birth of a son to James by his wife, Mary of Modena, a Catholic, on June 10, 1688. Within a few days, an invitation, signed by seven prominent personages, was taken over to William with an assurance of military support if he effected a landing in England. William issued a "Declaration of Reasons", which immediately won widespread acceptance by the English elite as a statement of his policy.<ref> However Claydon (1996) argues that James's supporters did try to refute it. Once king, the "Declaration" was used to limit William's ambitions. Tony Claydon "William III's Declaration of Reasons and the Glorious Revolution." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(1): 87-108. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639941 in Jstor]</ref>  With 50 men-of-war and 14,000 men William landed on November. 5, 1688, and marched on London. There was no opposition as James' army melted away and the political leadership welcomed William. James in late December fled the country, thereby abdicating the throne. James received protection in France from King [[Louis XIV]] and began plotting schemes for the invasion of England with French and "Jacobite" military help. ("Jacobites" were the English and Scottish supporters of James and his sons.)

In 1685 [[James II]] became king of England and alarmed many leaders by his pro-Catholic policies. William let it be known he was available if invited by a very broad spectrum of English political leadership. Unrest escalated with the birth of a son to James by his wife, Mary of Modena, a Catholic, on June 10, 1688. Within a few days, an invitation, signed by seven prominent personages, was taken over to William with an assurance of military support if he effected a landing in England. William issued a "Declaration of Reasons", which immediately won widespread acceptance by the English elite as a statement of his policy.<ref> However Claydon (1996) argues that James's supporters did try to refute it. Once king, the "Declaration" was used to limit William's ambitions. Tony Claydon "William III's Declaration of Reasons and the Glorious Revolution." ''Historical Journal'' 1996 39(1): 87-108. Issn: 0018-246x Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2639941 in Jstor]</ref>  With 50 men-of-war and 14,000 men William landed on November. 5, 1688, and marched on London. There was no opposition as James' army melted away and the political leadership welcomed William. James in late December fled the country, thereby abdicating the throne. James received protection in France from King [[Louis XIV]] and began plotting schemes for the invasion of England with French and "Jacobite" military help. ("Jacobites" were the English and Scottish supporters of James and his sons.)

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of econiomics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infnite.<ref> See Pincus (2009)</ref>

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of econiomics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infnite.<ref> See Pincus (2009)</ref>

==Further reading==

==Further reading==