Changes

In the [[common law]] of [[England]] before the [[American Revolution]], bills of attainder condemned specific persons to death.  The [[Framers]] of the [[Constitution]] wanted to end that, and prohibited both the federal government ([[Article I, Section 9, Clause 3]]) and the states ([[Article I, Section 10, Clause 1]]) from passing bills of attainder.  The Founders felt so strongly about this that bills of attainder and [[ex post facto]] laws are the only laws that the original [[Constitution]] prohibits both the federal government and states from ever passing.

In the [[common law]] of [[England]] before the [[American Revolution]], bills of attainder condemned specific persons to death.  The [[Framers]] of the [[Constitution]] wanted to end that, and prohibited both the federal government ([[Article I, Section 9, Clause 3]]) and the states ([[Article I, Section 10, Clause 1]]) from passing bills of attainder.  The Founders felt so strongly about this that bills of attainder and [[ex post facto]] laws are the only laws that the original [[Constitution]] prohibits both the federal government and states from ever passing.

Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] expanded the prohibition against bills of attainder beyond protection of life to protection of property also in ''[[Fletcher v. Peck]]'' (1810).  However, the [[Supreme Court]] has not invalidated any bills of attainder since 1965.  The Court will invalidate such law only if the legislation identifies the affected persons and punishes them without a judicial trial.{{fact}}

Chief Justice [[John Marshall]] expanded the prohibition against bills of attainder beyond protection of life to protection of property also in ''[[Fletcher v. Peck]]'' (1810).  However, the [[Supreme Court]] has not invalidated any bills of attainder since 1965.  The Court will invalidate such law only if the legislation identifies the affected persons and punishes them without a judicial trial.

The Supreme Court viewed the bill of attainder as essential to preserve the separation of powers.  The judiciary protects its branch of government by ensuring that only a court can determine the guilt or innocence of an accused.  In ''[[Cummings v. Missouri]]'' (1867), the Supreme Court held that the Congress may not "exercise the power and office of judge."  In ''[[United States v. Brown]]'' (1965), the [[Court]] prohibited "legislative punishment, of any form or severity, of specifically designated persons or groups."

The Supreme Court viewed the bill of attainder as essential to preserve the separation of powers.  The judiciary protects its branch of government by ensuring that only a court can determine the guilt or innocence of an accused.  In ''[[Cummings v. Missouri]]'' (1867), the Supreme Court held that the Congress may not "exercise the power and office of judge."  In ''[[United States v. Brown]]'' (1965), the [[Court]] prohibited "legislative punishment, of any form or severity, of specifically designated persons or groups."

==References==

==References==

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[[Category:Legal Terms]]

[[Category:Legal Terms]]