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'''Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson''' (April 9, 1898–January 23, 1976) concert singer, scholar, actor of film and stage, [[All-American]] and professional athlete, writer, multi-lingual orator and lawyer who was also noted for his wide-ranging radical leftist activism including anti lynching legalization, anti-colonialism and eventually Stalinist Russia. A forerunner of the US [[civil rights]] movement, Robeson was a [[trade union]] activist,[[Phi Beta Kappa Society laureate, and a recipient of the Spingarn Medaland Stalin Peace Prize]]. Robeson achieved worldwide fame during his life for his artistic accomplishments, and his outspoken, [[radical]] beliefs which largely clashed with the [[colonial powers]] of [[Western Europe]] and the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] climate of the pre-civil rights [[United States]], thus becoming a prime target during the [[McCarthyist]] era.<ref>Robeson, Susan. ''Paul Robeson: The Whole World in His Hands, a Pictorial Biography'', 1980, pg 13, prologue</ref><ref>Boyle, Shelia Tully. ''Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement'', 2001, pg 11 notes on sources</ref><ref name="Duberman Preface">Duberman, Martin. ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, preface</ref><ref>Seton, Marie. ''Paul Robeson'', 1958, pg 57.</ref>

'''Paul LeRoy Bustill Robeson''' (April 9, 1898–January 23, 1976) concert singer, scholar, actor of film and stage, [[All-American]] and professional athlete, writer, multi-lingual orator and lawyer who was also noted for his wide-ranging radical leftist activism including anti lynching legalization, anti-colonialism and eventually Stalinist Russia. A forerunner of the US [[civil rights]] movement, Robeson was a [[trade union]] activist,Phi Beta Kappa Society laureate, and a recipient of the Spingarn Medal and Stalin Peace Prize. Robeson achieved worldwide fame during his life for his artistic accomplishments, and his outspoken, [[radical]] beliefs which largely clashed with the [[colonial powers]] of [[Western Europe]] and the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] climate of the pre-civil rights [[United States]], thus becoming a prime target during the [[McCarthyist]] era.<ref>Robeson, Susan. ''Paul Robeson: The Whole World in His Hands, a Pictorial Biography'', 1980, pg 13, prologue</ref><ref>Boyle, Shelia Tully. ''Paul Robeson: The Years of Promise and Achievement'', 2001, pg 11 notes on sources</ref><ref name="Duberman Preface">Duberman, Martin. ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, preface</ref><ref>Seton, Marie. ''Paul Robeson'', 1958, pg 57.</ref>

Initially an apolitical artist, Robeson was the first major concert star to popularize the performance of Negro spirituals and was the first black actor of the 20th century to portray [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'' on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]. As of 2009 Robeson's run in the 1943&ndash;45 ''Othello'' production still holds the record for the longest running Shakespeare play on Broadway. In line with Robeson's vocal dissatisfaction with movie [[stereotype]]s, his roles in both the [[Cinema of the United States|US]] and [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British film industries]] were some of the first parts ever created that displayed dignity and respect for the African American film actor, paving the way for [[Sidney Poitier]] and [[Harry Belafonte]].<ref>Duberman, Martin. ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, pg 90.</ref>

Initially an apolitical artist, Robeson was the first major concert star to popularize the performance of Negro spirituals and was the first black actor of the 20th century to portray [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'' on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]]. As of 2009 Robeson's run in the 1943&ndash;45 ''Othello'' production still holds the record for the longest running Shakespeare play on Broadway. In line with Robeson's vocal dissatisfaction with movie [[stereotype]]s, his roles in both the [[Cinema of the United States|US]] and [[Cinema of the United Kingdom|British film industries]] were some of the first parts ever created that displayed dignity and respect for the African American film actor, paving the way for [[Sidney Poitier]] and [[Harry Belafonte]].<ref>Duberman, Martin. ''Paul Robeson'', 1989, pg 90.</ref>