Changes

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infinite.  

James II was building a powerful militarized state on the assumption that the world's wealth was necessarily finite, and empires were created by taking land from another state. The [[East India Company]] was thus an ideal tool to create a vast new English imperial dominion by warring with the Dutch and the Mogul Empire in India. After 1689 came an alternative understanding of economics, which saw Britain as a commercial rather than an agrarian society. The proponents of this view, most famously [[Adam Smith]] in 1776, realized that wealth was created by human endeavor and thus potentially infinite.  

==Exile==

==Exile==

James II escaped to France, where Louis XIV protected him and helped him foment a rebellion in Britain that would put James on the throne.  James invaded Ireland and at the head of an army of 55,000 men was defeated by King William III at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690, ending any realistic hopes of returning to power. After the defeat James  created a culturally spectacular and politically active court-in-exile in France where he unsuccessfully planned his return to power.  James ruled his exiled court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Much of his military strength came from loyal Irish Catholics. Irish Jacobite regiments were called "Wild Geese."   James II died in exile in 1701.

James II escaped to France, where Louis XIV protected him and helped him foment a rebellion in Britain that would put James on the throne.  James invaded Ireland and at the head of an army of 55,000 men was defeated by King William III at the [[Battle of the Boyne]] in July 1690, ending any realistic hopes of returning to power. After the defeat James  created a culturally spectacular and politically active court-in-exile in France where he unsuccessfully planned his return to power.  James ruled his exiled court at Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France. Much of his military strength came from loyal Irish Catholics. Irish Jacobite regiments were called "Wild Geese." James II died in exile in 1701.

==See also==

==See also==

*  [[English Civil War]]

*  [[English Civil War]]

* [[Glorious Revolution]]

* [[Glorious Revolution]]

* [[William III]]

* [[William III]], known also as Willaim of Orange

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay, Thomas Babington]]. ''The History of England from the Accession of James II'', 5 vols. (1848) [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1468 vol. 1], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2439 vol. 2], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2612 vol. 3], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2613 vol. 4], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2614 vol. 5], the greatest of the narrative histories; makes James a terrible villain.

* [[Thomas Babington Macaulay|Macaulay, Thomas Babington]]. ''The History of England from the Accession of James II'', 5 vols. (1848) [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/1468 vol. 1], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2439 vol. 2], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2612 vol. 3], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2613 vol. 4], [http://www.gutenberg.net/etext/2614 vol. 5], the greatest of the narrative histories; makes James a terrible villain.

* Miller, John. ''James II'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/James-English-Monarchs-Professor-Miller/dp/0300087284/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103410&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search], solid scholarly biography; Miller sees James as more interested in his own survival and tolerance for Catholics and suggests he did not have a grand plan to Catholicize England

* Miller, John. ''James II'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/James-English-Monarchs-Professor-Miller/dp/0300087284/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103410&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search], solid scholarly biography; Miller sees James as more interested in his own survival and tolerance for Catholics and suggests he did not have a grand plan to Catholicize England

* Miller, John. The Stuarts (2004), 320pp; standard scholarly survey

* Miller, John. ''The Stuarts'' (2004), 320pp; standard scholarly survey

* Miller, John.  The Glorious Revolution, (2nd ed. 1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Glorious-Revolution-2nd-John-Miller/dp/0582292220/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103761&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Miller, John.  The Glorious Revolution, (2nd ed. 1997) [http://www.amazon.com/Glorious-Revolution-2nd-John-Miller/dp/0582292220/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103761&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search]

* Mullett, M. ''James II and English Politics 1678-1688'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/English-Politics-1678-1688-Lancaster-Pamphlets/dp/0415090423/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103410&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Mullett, M. ''James II and English Politics 1678-1688'' (1993) [http://www.amazon.com/English-Politics-1678-1688-Lancaster-Pamphlets/dp/0415090423/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257103410&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search]

* Pincus, Steve. ''1688: The First Modern Revolution'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/1688-Modern-Revolution-Walpole-Eighteenth-C/dp/0300115474/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257104647&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search], influential new interpretation

* Pincus, Steve. ''1688: The First Modern Revolution'' (2009) [http://www.amazon.com/1688-Modern-Revolution-Walpole-Eighteenth-C/dp/0300115474/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1257104647&sr=1-1 excerpt and text search], influential new interpretation

* Speck, W.A. ''James II'' (2002), solid scholarly biography; argues James did not seek to impose Catholicism, but his ambitions went far beyond equal treatment for Catholics.

* Speck, W.A. ''James II'' (2002), solid scholarly biography; argues James did not seek to impose Catholicism, but his ambitions went far beyond equal treatment for Catholics.

====references====

====references====

<references/>

<references/>