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→Duplessis era
====Duplessis era====
====Duplessis era====
Maurice Duplessis<ref> See [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002468 biography at ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2000)]]</ref> was premier of Quebec during 1936-39 and 1944-59 and leader of the National Union Party (UN). Until his death in 1959 he ran an authoritarianism government, with antilabor policies. He feared communism, cared little for industry, and promoted agriculture, which he considered a panacea for industrial evils. A Catholic and a French Canadian nationalist, he was a provincial conservative.
[[Maurice Duplessis]]<ref> See [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002468 biography at ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2000)]]</ref> was premier of Quebec during 1936-39 and 1944-59 and leader of the National Union Party (UN). Until his death in 1959 he ran an authoritarianism government, with antilabor policies. He feared communism, cared little for industry, and promoted agriculture, which he considered a panacea for industrial evils. A Catholic and a French Canadian nationalist, he was a provincial conservative.
The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref> See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres. Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.
The most prominent nationalist spokesman in the era was Lionel Groulx (1878-1967), a Catholic priest whose histories of Quebec presented a conservative mission for the province.<ref> See Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, "Lionel Groulx," in [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0003472 ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' (2008)]</ref> As professor of Canadian history at the Université de Montréal (1915-1949) he directly influenced the intellectual leaders of the era. The true Quebec, he argued, was based on the supremacy of the Church and family that challenged liberalism at all points. His organicist concept of the nation, in which the nation is understood as a "collective individual" with structured thought, brought Groulx to treat the individual as subordinate to the societal group. From this outlook, Groulx defended tradition and promoted a conception of education that aimed to foster the development of the national feeling of belonging. His conception of the state was also antiliberal, particularly because it rejected the distinction between the political and religious spheres. Groulx found Duplessis distasteful, and welcomed the economic developments of the Quiet Revolution, realizing too late that it would destroy the Church's central role.
In the 1940's, the Catholic-dominated provincial government went after a small growing religious sect, [[Jehovah's Witnessess]] for their political neutrality during [[World War II]]. Peaked in 1943, about thousands of members in Quebec were jailed, tried in court or placed into military internment camps. Jehovah's Witnesses were nearly banned in the province until a Canadian court hearing in 1944 declared it was a violation of religious freedom and civil rights, even though the sect doesn't hold their allegiance to political rulers during wartime. Within a decade (1954), the national concern of retaining a degree of separation of church and state from the Jehovah's Witnesses of Quebec case brought a formal end to Quebec's 350-year old religious laws, and soon, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state church of Quebec.
In the 1940's, the Catholic-dominated provincial government went after a small growing religious sect, [[Jehovah's Witnessess]] for their political neutrality during [[World War II]]. Peaked in 1943, about thousands of members in Quebec were jailed, tried in court or placed into military internment camps. Jehovah's Witnesses were nearly banned in the province until a Canadian court hearing in 1944 declared it was a violation of religious freedom and civil rights, even though the sect doesn't hold their allegiance to political rulers during wartime. Within a decade (1954), the national concern of retaining a degree of separation of church and state from the Jehovah's Witnesses of Quebec case brought a formal end to Quebec's 350-year old religious laws, and soon, Roman Catholicism was no longer the state church of Quebec.
===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===
===The Quiet Revolution of the 1960s===
The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960-66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966-68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. Other more militant or outspoken leaders like [[Rene Levisque]] came to the scene in the early 1970s, he later became the leader of the Bloc Quebecois founded in 1974.
The Quiet Revolution (Révolution Tranquille) of the 1960s saw a radical nonviolent transformation in the politics, society and economy of Quebec. A traditional people modernized the economy and the social structure, threw off Church control, rejected Anglo control of Quebec's economy, and finally sought, but failed, to gain independence from Canada. The Revolution was strongly promoted by the governments of Liberal Premier [[Jean Lesage]] (1960-66) and Premier [[Daniel Johnson]] (1966-68) of the opposition Union Nationale party. Other more militant or outspoken leaders like [[Rene Levisque]] came to the scene in the early 1970s, he later became the leader of the Bloc Quebecois founded in 1974.