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The free-piston engine was first proposed by [[Raúl Pateras Pescara|R.P. Pescara]] <ref>Pescara R.P., Motor compressor apparatus, ''US Patent 1,657,641, 1928''.</ref> and the original application was a single piston [[air compressor]].
Free-piston air compressors were used, among others by, the German Navy. They were efficienct, compact and quiet. <ref>Toutant W.T., The Worthington–Junkers free-piston air compressor, ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers 1952:64:583–594''.</ref>.
Several of free-piston gas generators were created, and these were in widely used in large-scale applications such as stationary and marine powerplants <ref>London A.L., Oppenheim A.K., The free-piston engine development -- Present status and design aspects, ''Transactions of the ASME 1952:74:1349–1361''.</ref>.