Changes

In 19th century Britain the proportion of prominent people who maintained an anti-Christian materialist atheism was negligible, and a significant number of those who did embrace it were unsatisfied and returned to their religious beliefs. There was a a significant pattern among Victorian popular radicals: the regaining of their Christian faith. Arguments from design, the a priori ontological argument, and the ability of Christianity to offer a secure foundation for morality persuaded Victorian secularists to convert.<ref> Timothy  Larsen, "The Regaining of Faith: Reconversions among Popular Radicals in Mid-victorian England," ''Church History'' 2001 70(3): 527-543</ref>  

In 19th century Britain the proportion of prominent people who maintained an anti-Christian materialist atheism was negligible, and a significant number of those who did embrace it were unsatisfied and returned to their religious beliefs. There was a a significant pattern among Victorian popular radicals: the regaining of their Christian faith. Arguments from design, the a priori ontological argument, and the ability of Christianity to offer a secure foundation for morality persuaded Victorian secularists to convert.<ref> Timothy  Larsen, "The Regaining of Faith: Reconversions among Popular Radicals in Mid-victorian England," ''Church History'' 2001 70(3): 527-543</ref>  

==China==

==China==

In China the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900 marked one of the darkest episodes of anti-Christian violence until it was defeated by an international military invasion.  The Boxers began as an obscure, anti-Christian, anti-missionary, and anti-foreign peasant movement in northern China. The Empress Dowager Cixi was pleased when Boxers attacked foreigners who were building railroads, exploiting China's mineral wealth, dividing up the port trading concessions, and converting many peasants to an alien faith. In June the Boxers invaded the city and slaughtered many Chinese Christians and Westerners. The Chinese government was unable or unwilling to control the situation. Western civilians, military personnel, and Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter. For 55 days they survived with limited food and water. In August Western troops occupied the city by force of arms. The Empress Dowager grudgingly agreed to indemnify the Western governments and to make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms laid the foundation for the end of Manchu rule and the establishment of a modern nation.  Christian missionaries expanded rapidly and by the 1920s were aided by the rule of a Christian, [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. When [[Mao Zedong]] and the Communist came to power in 1949, they expelled or jailed most of the missionaries and tried to suppress or tightly control Christianity.<ref> Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising," ''Asian Affairs'' 2000 31(1): 26-36</ref>

In China the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900 marked one of the darkest episodes of anti-Christian violence until it was defeated by an international military invasion.  The Boxers began as an obscure, anti-Christian, anti-missionary, and anti-foreign peasant movement in northern China. The Empress Dowager Cixi was pleased when Boxers attacked foreigners who were building railroads, exploiting China's mineral wealth, dividing up the port trading concessions, and converting many peasants to an alien faith. In June the Boxers invaded the city and slaughtered many Chinese Christians and Westerners. The Chinese government was unable or unwilling to control the situation. Western civilians, military personnel, and Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter. For 55 days they survived with limited food and water. In August Western troops occupied the city by force of arms. The Empress Dowager grudgingly agreed to indemnify the Western governments and to make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms laid the foundation for the end of Manchu rule and the establishment of a modern nation.   

 

Christian missionaries expanded rapidly. The anti-Christian movement in China during 1924-25 was part of the Nationalist Party's [[KMT]] anti-imperialism program. Attacking the weaker target of missionary institutions garnered the KMT popular support at a time when it was unable to take on the stronger economic targets of foreign enclaves. The attacks ended when a Christian, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] took control of the KMT and all oc China. When [[Mao Zedong]] and the Communist came to power in 1949, they expelled or jailed most of the missionaries and tried to suppress or tightly control Christianity.<ref> Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising," ''Asian Affairs'' 2000 31(1): 26-36</ref>

==India==

==India==