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Opposition to Christianity (view source)
Revision as of 00:09, December 20, 2009
, 00:09, December 20, 2009→Italy: Lebanon
==Italy==
==Italy==
The Italians of the 17th century were considered by European intellectuals as either libertines, who did not believe in God, or as fools, who believed in religious superstitions. Libertinism was a development parallel to the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] with its formal religion, priestly power, and Inquisition. Libertines brought to fruition a form of anti-Christian and antihumanistic Aristotelianism that led to a radical naturalism. The most famous thinkers in this tradition were [[Giordano Bruno]] and [[Thomas Companella]]. Intellectual libertinism, which defined itself as the opponent of religion, did not survuve into the 18th century.
The Italians of the 17th century were considered by European intellectuals as either libertines, who did not believe in God, or as fools, who believed in religious superstitions. Libertinism was a development parallel to the Catholic [[Counter-Reformation]] with its formal religion, priestly power, and Inquisition. Libertines brought to fruition a form of anti-Christian and antihumanistic Aristotelianism that led to a radical naturalism. The most famous thinkers in this tradition were [[Giordano Bruno]] and [[Thomas Companella]]. Intellectual libertinism, which defined itself as the opponent of religion, did not survuve into the 18th century.
==Lebanon==
The [[Maronite]]-[[Druze]] conflict in [[Lebanon]], 1840-60 was an outgrowth of the Maronite Christian independence movement directed against the Druze and Ottoman-Turks. The civil war was not therefore a religious war, except in Damascus where it spread and where the population was anti-Christian. The movement culminated with the 1859-60 massacre and defeat of the Christians by the Druzes, who were aided by the Turks. French intervention on behalf of the Maronites did not help the Maronite national movement since France was restricted in 1860 by Britain which did not want the [[Ottoman Empire]] dismembered. But European intervention pressured the Turks to treat the Maronites more justly.<ref> Antoine Abraham, "Lebanese Communal Relations," ''Muslim World'' 1977 67(2): 91-105</ref>
==China==
==China==