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[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would likewise identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>Sidney Rittenberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>

[[Solomon Adler|Adler]] had been identified five years before by confessed former [[Comintern]]-[[GRU]] courier [[Whittaker Chambers]] as a member of the Communist underground apparatus.<ref>[http://www.johnearlhaynes.org/page100.html Adolf Berle’s Notes on His Meeting with Whittaker Chambers]. Under the Heading “Underground Espionage Agent,” Berle listed (Under “TREASURY“) “Shlomer Adler (Sol Adler?)”</ref> In 1945, defecting [[NKVD]] courier [[Elizabeth Bentley]] would likewise identify Adler as a Treasury official in Chungking who was also a member of an NKVD espionage ring known as the [[Silvermaster group]].<ref>Statement of Elizabeth Terrill Bentley, November 30, 1945 (FBI file: [http://education-research.org/CSR/Holdings/Silvermaster/summaries.htm Silvermaster], [http://education-research.org/PDFs/Silvermaster006.pdf Volume 6]), [http://education-research.org/PDFs/splitfiles/splitprocessed/Silvermaster006_Folder/Silvermaster006_page27.pdf p. 26 (PDF p. 27)]</ref> In 1948, Chief of [[Soviet intelligence]] in the [[U.S.]] [[Anatoly Gorsky]] identified Adler (in [[KGB]] archives summarized by former KGB agent Alexander Vassiliev) as the agent code-named "Sachs,"<ref>A. Gorsky, “Failures in the USA (1938-48),” Dec. '48, in Alexander Vassiliev, ''Black Notebook'', [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Original.pdf original], p. 78 (PDF p. 40), [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Transcribed.pdf transcribed], p. 78, [http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/docs/Black%20Notebook%20Translated1.pdf translated], p. 78. Under “‘Sound’ [Jacob Golos] and ‘Myrna’s’ [Bentley’s] group,” Gorsky listed “‘Sachs’ – Solomon Adler, former employee of the U.S. Dept. of the Treasury”</ref> who appears in [[Venona project|Venona]] as an NKVD source on [[China]].<ref>[http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/_files/venona/1945/4jan_kgb_policy.pdf 14 KGB New York to Moscow 4 January 1945], p. 2</ref> Chi, meanwhile, was a Communist propagandist<ref>Gregory Lewis, "Bridging the Guomindang-Chinese Communist Party: Ji Chaoding in New York, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Beijing, 1933-1963," [http://www.umassd.edu/cas/history/cbh/history/fall01.pdf ''Zhongguo Shangye Shi'' (''Chinese Business History''), Vol. 11, No. 2 (Fall 2001)] ISSN 1090-834X, p. 1; Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate, [http://ia360611.us.archive.org/0/items/instituteofpacif1952unit/instituteofpacif1952unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations], S. Rpt. 2050, 82d Cong., 2d sess., Serial 11574, pursuant to S. Res. 306, (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1952), p. 67</ref> and intelligence agent.<ref>Lifu Chen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC The Storm Clouds Clear Over China: The Memoir of Chen Li-fu, 1900-1993]'' (Hoover Press, 1994) ISBN 0817992723, p. 181; Arthur Herman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DIibZoDyADEC Joseph McCarthy: Reexamining the Life and Legacy of America's Most Hated Senator]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1999) ISBN 0684836254, p. 126</ref> After the fall of China to the Communists, both Adler and Chi would abscond to Beijing, where they would become officials of the new Communist government, Chi as a propagandist,<ref>Sidney Rittenberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=_vTLJpWj-0wC The Man Who Stayed Behind]'' (Duke University Press, 2001) ISBN 0822326671, p. 253</ref> Adler as a foreign espionage official.<ref>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=dIsmm_ZLHcIC Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America]'' (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1999) ISBN 0300077718, p. 144</ref>

During the early war years, Service and Adler wrote favorable reports on the [[Kuomintang]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]], which were keeping the Japanese busy, so they could not attack the Soviet Union. But once the defeat of Japan became likely, Soviet policy shifted to hostility toward the Chinese government, and support for the Communist rebels seeking to overthrow it. Service began an increasingly harsh series of attacks on the Nationalist government as "fascist," "undemocratic," and "feudal,"<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 577, 592, 1015</ref> while praising the Communists as "progressive" and "democratic."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', January 26, 1970, pp. 406, 410, 577, 579, 589, 1014</ref> In one memo, he called the government "politically bankrupt" and wrote, "The Communists are in China to stay and China's destiny is not Chiang's but theirs."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', pp. 113, 112</ref>

During the early war years, Service and Adler wrote favorable reports on the [[Kuomintang]] and [[Chiang Kai-shek]], which were keeping the Japanese busy, so they could not attack the Soviet Union. But once the defeat of Japan became likely, Soviet policy shifted to hostility toward the Nationalist government, and support for the Communist rebels seeking to overthrow it. Service began an increasingly harsh series of attacks on the Chinese government as "fascist" and "Gestapo-like,"<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Committee on the Judiciary, U.S. Senate (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970), pp. 577, 592, 1015</ref> writing that "the Kuomintang intensifies its drive for 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer'."<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/1/items/instituteofpacif03unit/instituteofpacif03unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3] (Washington: GPO, 1951), pp. 817, 818</ref>

 

In contrast, Service praised the Communists as "progressive" and "democratic."<ref>Senate Internal Security Committee, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', January 26, 1970, pp. 406, 410, 577, 579, 589, 1014</ref> According to Service, the Communist (or as Service put it, "the so-called Communist) rebels advocated "agrarian reform, civil rights, the establishment of democratic institutions."<ref>Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, U.S. Senate, 82d Cong., 1st sess., [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/1/items/instituteofpacif03unit/instituteofpacif03unit_bw.pdf Institute of Pacific Relations, Part 3] (Washington: GPO, 1951), p. 828</ref>

 

 

In one memo, he called the government "politically bankrupt" and wrote, "The Communists are in China to stay and China's destiny is not Chiang's but theirs."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FK8iAAAAMAAJ The Amerasia Papers: A Clue to the Catastrophe of China]'', pp. 113, 112</ref>

Service and his Soviet agent roommate Adler wrote that the Communists were doing most of the fighting against the Japanese, while the Nationalists were sitting out the war or actually collaborating.<ref>Edward M. Collins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 93</ref> Service and Adler even collaborated on some reports.<ref>"I worked on the translation and also provided some of the material and assisted in drafting the memorandum of comment on the book. However, the major part of the comment and the summary was done by Mr. Adler." [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2], appendix, p. 2456 (PDF p. 980)</ref> For example, Adler reported (attributing information to Service): "The Communists have successfully resisted the Japanese for seven years... with no active support from Chungking."<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, pp. 99-106</ref> In contrast, General Albert Wedemeyer, [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/20/obituaries/gen-albert-c-wedemeyer-92-noted-military-planner-for-us.html commander of American forces in China] reported: "No Communist Chinese forces fought in any major battles of the Sino-Japanese war.... Chinese Communist leaders were not interested in fighting the Japanese," he wrote; "their main interest was to occupy the territory which the Nationalist forces evacuated in their retreat."<ref>Albert C. Wedemeyer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=64s_HgAACAAJ Wedemeyer Reports]'' (Holt, 1958), p. 285</ref>

Service and his Soviet agent roommate Adler wrote that the Communists were doing most of the fighting against the Japanese, while the Nationalists were sitting out the war or actually collaborating.<ref>Edward M. Collins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=YRa3Y2m_wrwC Myth, Manifesto, Meltdown: Communist Strategy, 1848-1991]'' (Westport, Connecticut: Praeger/Greenwood, 1998) ISBN 0275959384, p. 93</ref> Service and Adler even collaborated on some reports.<ref>"I worked on the translation and also provided some of the material and assisted in drafting the memorandum of comment on the book. However, the major part of the comment and the summary was done by Mr. Adler." [http://ia341005.us.archive.org/2/items/statedepartmente195002unit/statedepartmente195002unit_bw.pdf Report of the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Investigation of Loyalty of State Department Employees, 1950, Vol. 2], appendix, p. 2456 (PDF p. 980)</ref> For example, Adler reported (attributing information to Service): "The Communists have successfully resisted the Japanese for seven years... with no active support from Chungking."<ref>M. Stanton Evans, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQt3AAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies]'' (New York: Crown Forum, 2007) ISBN 978-1-4000-8105-9, pp. 99-106</ref> In contrast, General Albert Wedemeyer, [http://www.nytimes.com/1989/12/20/obituaries/gen-albert-c-wedemeyer-92-noted-military-planner-for-us.html commander of American forces in China] reported: "No Communist Chinese forces fought in any major battles of the Sino-Japanese war.... Chinese Communist leaders were not interested in fighting the Japanese," he wrote; "their main interest was to occupy the territory which the Nationalist forces evacuated in their retreat."<ref>Albert C. Wedemeyer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=64s_HgAACAAJ Wedemeyer Reports]'' (Holt, 1958), p. 285</ref>