Changes

The Supreme Court ordered new trials. Along the way the case again went to the Supreme Court which in ''Norris v. Alabama'' (1935), overturned convictions and ordered new trials because the state excluded African Americans from juries. The final result was lengthy prison sentences for four of the defendants; the dismissal of rape charges for five, a prison term for unrelated charges for one, and the release of four after they had languished in jail for six years.  The last defendant was released from prison in 1950.  Finally in 1976 Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]] pardoned all the defendants.

The Supreme Court ordered new trials. Along the way the case again went to the Supreme Court which in ''Norris v. Alabama'' (1935), overturned convictions and ordered new trials because the state excluded African Americans from juries. The final result was lengthy prison sentences for four of the defendants; the dismissal of rape charges for five, a prison term for unrelated charges for one, and the release of four after they had languished in jail for six years.  The last defendant was released from prison in 1950.  Finally in 1976 Alabama Governor [[George Wallace]] pardoned all the defendants.

The Supreme Court decisions helped establish the federal constitutional right to counsel in all state criminal cases, because it is inherent in [[due process]], and the illegality of systematical excluding blacks from juries.

The Supreme Court decisions helped establish the federal constitutional right to counsel in all state criminal cases, because it is inherent in [[due process]], and the illegality of systematically excluding blacks from juries.

==Communist role==

==Communist role==