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The '''philosophes''' in the 18th century were French intellectuals whose ideas formed the core of [[Enlightenment]] though. The principal figures involved were [[Montesquieu]], [[Voltaire]], [[Denis Diderot]], [[Jean Jacques Rousseau]], [[Condillac]], [[Alembert]],[[D'holbach]], [[Turgot]], and [[Condorcet]].
The '''philosophes''' in the 18th century were French intellectuals whose ideas formed the core of [[Enlightenment]] though. The principal figures involved were [[Montesquieu]], [[Voltaire]], [[Denis Diderot]], [[Jean Jacques Rousseau]], [[Condillac]], [[Alembert]],[[D'holbach]], [[Turgot]], and [[Condorcet]].
==Influence==
They did not form any sort of organization, but often discussed and debated ideas among themselves. They shared a devotion to reason, philosophical empiricism, mathematical modes of thought, trust in scientific inquiry, and a belief in the [[Idea of Progress]]. They had a wide following among the intellectuals of Europe. Their zest for rational investigation of the natural world is exemplified by Diderot's ‘’Encyclopedie’‘ (1751-66), to which many of them contributed.
They did not form any sort of organization, but often discussed and debated ideas among themselves. They shared a devotion to reason, philosophical empiricism, mathematical modes of thought, trust in scientific inquiry, and a belief in the [[Idea of Progress]]. They had a wide following among the intellectuals of Europe. Their zest for rational investigation of the natural world is exemplified by Diderot's ‘’Encyclopedie’‘ (1751-66), to which many of them contributed.
The philosophes had a great influence on the [[French Revolution]]. The doctrines of natural law which they helped to popularize, were codified in the French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789) and in the American [[Bill of Rights]] (1791).
The philosophes had a great influence on the [[French Revolution]]. The doctrines of natural law which they helped to popularize, were codified in the French [[Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen]] (1789) and in the American [[Bill of Rights]] (1791).
==See also==
* [[Enlightenment]]
* [[French Revolution]]
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
* Artz, Frederick B. ''The Enlightenment in France'' (1968) [http://www.questia.com/read/102417373?title=The%20Enlightenment%20in%20France online edition]
* Artz, Frederick B. ''The Enlightenment in France'' (1968) [http://www.questia.com/read/102417373?title=The%20Enlightenment%20in%20France online edition]
* Becker, Carl L., ''The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers'' (1932)
* Becker, Carl L., ''The Heavenly City of the Eighteenth-Century Philosophers'' (1932)
*Gay, Peter, ''The Party of Humanity: Essays in the French Enlightenment'' (1964)
* Chisick, Harvey. ''Historical Dictionary of the Enlightenment.'' 2005. 512 pp
*Gay, Peter, ‘’The Enlightenment: An Interpretation’‘ ( 2 vols. 1966, 1969).
* Delon, Michel. ''Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment'' (2001) 1480pp
* Fitzpatrick, Martin et al., eds. ''The Enlightenment World.'' (2004). 714pp; 39 essays by scholars [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=107997736# online edition]
* Gay, Peter. ''The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism'' (1966, 2nd ed. 1995), 952 pp; [http://www.amazon.com/Enlightenment-Rise-Modern-Paganism/dp/0393313026/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198758253&sr=1-3 excerpt and text search vol 1]; ''The Enlightenment: The Science of Freedom,'' (1969 2nd ed. 1995), a highly influential study [http://www.amazon.com/Enlightenment-Science-Freedom-Peter-Gay/dp/0393313662/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198758253&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search vol 2];
* Goodman, Dena. ''The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment'' (1994) 338 pp [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-republic-of-letters-a-cultural-history-of-the-french-enlightenment-by-dena-goodman.jsp online edition]
* Hazard, Paul. ''European thought in the eighteenth century: From Montesquieu to Lessing'' (1965)
* Goodman, Dena. ''The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/103609545?title=The%20Republic%20of%20Letters%3a%20A%20Cultural%20History%20of%20the%20French%20Enlightenment online edition]
* Goodman, Dena. ''The Republic of Letters: A Cultural History of the French Enlightenment'' (1994) [http://www.questia.com/read/103609545?title=The%20Republic%20of%20Letters%3a%20A%20Cultural%20History%20of%20the%20French%20Enlightenment online edition]
* Kors, Alan Charles. ''Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment'' (4 vol. 1990; 2nd ed. 2003), 1984pp [http://www.amazon.com/Encyclopedia-Enlightenment-4-vol-set/dp/0195104307/ref=pd_bbs_sr_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1198743087&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]; also [http://www.oxfordreference.com/pub/views/home.html complete text online at www.oxfordreference.com] by a leading conservative scholar
* Torrey, Norman L. ''Les Philosophes: The Philosophers of the Enlightenment and Modern Democracy'' (1960) [http://www.questia.com/read/24605166?title=Les%20Philosophes%3a%20The%20Philosophers%20of%20the%20Enlightenment%20and%20Modern%20Democracy online edition]
* Torrey, Norman L. ''Les Philosophes: The Philosophers of the Enlightenment and Modern Democracy'' (1960) [http://www.questia.com/read/24605166?title=Les%20Philosophes%3a%20The%20Philosophers%20of%20the%20Enlightenment%20and%20Modern%20Democracy online edition]
[[category:Enlightenment]]
[[category:Enlightenment]]
[[category:French Revolution]]
[[category:French Revolution]]
[[category:Philosophy]]
[[category:Philosophy]]
[[category:Republicanism]]
[[category:Republicanism]]