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===since 1980===
===since 1980===
The Beijing democracy movement (1978-81) constructed a progressive Marxist identity, and its individual participants used it to prove the movement's historical necessity and justify its democratic agenda. Combined with the related identity of socialist citizens, the proponents defended the movement against adversaries from without and the right-wing minority within. The way the movement activists defined their collective identity offered them a progressive Marxist platform to champion their cause. This collective identity not only precluded confrontational opposition to the Communist Party, it enabled a more constructive use of both classical Marxist and Western democratic thinking in the movement's agenda.<ref> Lauri Paltemaa, "Individual and Collective Identities of the Beijing Democracy Wall Movement Activists, 1978-1981." ''China Information'' 2005 19(3): 443-487. Issn: 0920-203x </ref>
The Beijing democracy movement (1978-81) constructed a progressive Marxist identity, and its individual participants used it to prove the movement's historical necessity and justify its democratic agenda. Combined with the related identity of socialist citizens, the proponents defended the movement against adversaries from without and the right-wing minority within. The way the movement activists defined their collective identity offered them a progressive Marxist platform to champion their cause. This collective identity not only precluded confrontational opposition to the Communist Party, it enabled a more constructive use of both classical Marxist and Western democratic thinking in the movement's agenda.<ref> Lauri Paltemaa, "Individual and Collective Identities of the Beijing Democracy Wall Movement Activists, 1978-1981." ''China Information'' 2005 19(3): 443-487. Issn: 0920-203x </ref>
[[File:Tianmen.jpg|thumb|350px|Tiananmen (T'ien-an Men, or Gate of Heavenly Peace) Square marks the southern exit from the Forbidden City. Here is where democracy demonstrators were shot down in 1989, ]]
[[Image:Tank-1.jpg|right|thumb|Demonstrator in Tiananmen Square]]
The '''[[Tiananmen Square]] massacre''' took place when a series of peaceful pro-democracy demonstrations led by students, labor activists and intellectuals in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989, were broken up by the [[People's Liberation Army]]. The death toll is estimated to be between 1,000 and 3,000 in Beijing alone. The demonstrations mainly took place on Tiananmen Square in [[Beijing]], but large protests also occurred in several cities throughout [[China]], including [[Shanghai]]. The crackdown was a source of friction between China and the West.<ref>Tiananmen - the Rape of Peking. Michael Fathers and Andrew Higgins, 1989.</ref>
[[File:Tianmen.jpg|thumb|350px|Tiananmen (T'ien-an Men, or Gate of Heavenly Peace) Square marks the southern exit from the Forbidden City.]]
==Environment==
==Environment==