Changes

===Royal Province===

===Royal Province===

In 1663 King [[Louis XIV]] nationalized the private fur-trade monopoly. He made New France a royal province with a superior council to carry out the king's edicts. Three officers dominated the council: the governor, with responsibility for defence; the intendant, to administer justice and promote economic growth; and the bishop, who wielded great power through his control of the church. Despite chronic feuding, conciliar government proved efficient. Under the leadership of dedicated intendants such as Jean Talon, the first to hold the office, New France began to flourish.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34663&query=Talon ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref> Population grew from 2,000 in 1663 to 6,000 in 1672. In addition, nearly 1,000 members of the veteran French regiment, the Carignan-Salières, were sent in to protect the colony, and many remained permanently.  Talon's encouraged large families, domestic industries, and stable farming communities. The French seigneurial landholding system was instituted, whereby a few seigneurs owned all the land and the habitants paid an small annual rent.  Few men were rich by colonial standards, and no one by Parisian standards. Thus differences in rank meant little; feudal dues were a modest burden on the habitants. Bishop Laval secured for the Church huge seigneurial land grants as well as heavy endowments for the Jesuit order. Education was in the hands of the clergy. The Church insisted on the right to regulate the colony's morals, but it was unable to prevent the sale of brandy to Indians by the fur traders.

In 1663 King [[Louis XIV]] nationalized the private fur-trade monopoly. He made New France a royal province with a superior council to carry out the king's edicts. Three officers dominated the council: the governor, with responsibility for defence; the intendant, to administer justice and promote economic growth; and the bishop, who wielded great power through his control of the church. Despite chronic feuding, conciliar government proved efficient. Under the leadership of dedicated intendants such as Jean Talon, the first to hold the office, New France began to flourish.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34663&query=Talon ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref> Population grew from 2,000 in 1663 to 6,000 in 1672. In addition, nearly 1,000 members of the veteran French regiment, the Carignan-Salières, were sent in to protect the colony, and many remained permanently.  Talon's encouraged large families, domestic industries, and stable farming communities. The French seigneurial landholding system was instituted, whereby a few seigneurs owned all the land and the habitants paid an small annual rent.  Few men were rich by colonial standards, and no one by Parisian standards. Thus differences in rank meant little; feudal dues were a modest burden on the habitants. Bishop Laval secured for the Church huge seigneurial land grants as well as heavy endowments for the Jesuit order. Education was in the hands of the clergy. The Church insisted on the right to regulate the colony's morals, but it was unable to prevent the sale of brandy to Indians by the fur traders.

====Frontenac====

====Frontenac====

In 1672 the king appointed an aristocrat Comte de Frontenac as governor of the new colony.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34218&query=Frontenac  ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref> Although he was later celebrated by the American historian [[Francis Parkman]] as the Fighting Governor, Frontenac antagonized many colonists by his corruption and angered the Hurons by not defending them against the Iroquois.<ref> David E. Griffin, "The Man for the Hour": A Defense of Francis Parkman's Frontenac," ''The New England Quarterly,'' Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 605-620 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866(197012)43%3A4%3C605%3A%22MFTHA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]</ref>

In 1672 the king appointed an aristocrat Comte de Frontenac as governor of the new colony.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34218&query=Frontenac  ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref> Although he was later celebrated by the American historian [[Francis Parkman]] as the Fighting Governor, Frontenac antagonized many colonists by his corruption and angered the Hurons by not defending them against the Iroquois.<ref> David E. Griffin, "The Man for the Hour": A Defense of Francis Parkman's Frontenac," ''The New England Quarterly,'' Vol. 43, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 605-620 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0028-4866(197012)43%3A4%3C605%3A%22MFTHA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]</ref>

Having lost most approaches to the St. Lawrence, the French strengthened their defences and threatened Nova Scotia and the [[Newfoundland]] fisheries; the English responded by intensifying their pressure all along the frontier. The English Fort Oswego, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, challenged French territorial claims and threatened their fur trade. French forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, south of the St. Lawrence, blocked a British invasion by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. In the far northwest Pierre La Vérendrye built a string of fur trading posts in the 1730s that stretched across the prairies as far as the Saskatchewan River, challenging the Hudson's Bay Company's westward thrusts.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35488&query=Vérendrye ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref>

Having lost most approaches to the St. Lawrence, the French strengthened their defences and threatened Nova Scotia and the [[Newfoundland]] fisheries; the English responded by intensifying their pressure all along the frontier. The English Fort Oswego, on the south shore of Lake Ontario, challenged French territorial claims and threatened their fur trade. French forts at Crown Point and Ticonderoga, south of the St. Lawrence, blocked a British invasion by way of Lake Champlain and the Richelieu River. In the far northwest Pierre La Vérendrye built a string of fur trading posts in the 1730s that stretched across the prairies as far as the Saskatchewan River, challenging the Hudson's Bay Company's westward thrusts.<ref> See [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=35488&query=Vérendrye ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''] </ref>

==Captured by Britain==

==Captured by Britain==

see [[French and Indian War]]

see [[French and Indian War]]