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'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hann thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.  

'''Mark Hanna''' (Marcus Alonzo Hanna, September 2, 1837 – February 15, 1904) was a leader of the [[Republican Party]] who rose to fame as the campaign manager of the successful Republican presidential candidate [[William McKinley]] in the realigning Presidential election of 1896. Hanna thus supervised the first modern political campaign. A conservative businessman who got along well with labor unions, Hanna became one of the most powerful members of the U.S. Senate, supporting McKinley and promoting harmony between capital and labor.  

==Early life==

==Early life==

Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician, Leonard Hanna who brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business.  Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was born of Scotch-Irish [[Quaker]] stock in New Lisbon, Ohio, where his father Leonard was a country physician.  Leonard Hanna brought the family to the boom town of Cleveland in 1852 and prospered in the grocery business.  Mark attended the Cleveland Central High School, where he knew the young [[John D. Rockefeller]] and briefly attended Western Reserve College. After working for his father's grocery business, the young Hanna tried his hand in numerous business ventures, mostly without luck. He served briefly as a quartermaster in the Union Army during the [[Civil War]]; he remained a lifelong activist in veterans' organizations. (It is not true that he was awarded the Medal of Honor--that was an unrelated Marcus Hanna.) After 1867 he became rich as a shipper and broker serving the coal and iron industries. Cleveland was emerging as a major transshipping point between the [[Great Lakes]] ore deposits and the mills of eastern Ohio and western Pennsylvania, and Hanna loved making deals and bargains on a daily basis over a wide range of products and services. Hanna was one of the few industrialists fascinated less by profits than by the outdoor spectacle and indoor bargaining of politics.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.

Hanna was a long time member of St. John's Episcopal Church in Cleveland.

==Manager of campaigns==

==Manager of campaigns==

Shoemaker (1992) shows during the 1870s and 1880s Hanna was one of several Midwestern Republicans who shifted their local and state parties from a focus on social issues like prohibition to economic issues. Hanna made the Ohio GOP an instrument for government promotion and protection of business in the 1890s. Hanna was a major advocate of the "Commonwealth Idea," a [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] Whiggish political philosophy which encouraged direct government action to speed up economic modernization and benefit the general interest.

Shoemaker (1992) shows that during the 1870s and 1880s Hanna was one of several Midwestern Republicans who shifted their local and state parties from a focus on social issues such as prohibition to economic issues. Hanna made the Ohio GOP an instrument for government promotion and protection of business in the 1890s. Hanna was a major advocate of the "Commonwealth Idea," a [[Alexander Hamilton|Hamiltonian]] Whiggish political philosophy which encouraged direct government action to speed up economic modernization and benefit the general interest.

Hanna made a transition into politics during the 1880s and in 1888, he managed Ohio Senator [[John Sherman]]'s unsuccessful effort to gain the Republican presidential nomination.  Rep. William McKinley had been defeated for reelection to the House in 1890 on the issue of the high McKinley Tariff, but campaigned so well the GOP nominated him for governor of Ohio. Hanna helped McKinley win the 1891 and 1893 elections and became his chief advisor.

Hanna made a transition into politics during the 1880s and in 1888, when he managed Ohio Senator [[John Sherman]]'s unsuccessful effort to gain the Republican presidential nomination.  Rep. William McKinley had been defeated for reelection to the House in 1890 on the issue of the high McKinley Tariff, but campaigned so well that the GOP nominated him for governor of Ohio. Hanna helped McKinley win the 1891 and 1893 elections and became his chief advisor.

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.  

McKinley's only competition for the Republican nomination in 1896 was Speaker Thomas Reed of Maine, but McKinley was the better campaigner and Hanna had built a network of support especially in corrupt southern state conventions. With McKinley as the 1896 Republican nominee Hanna became Chairman of the [[Republican National Committee]], raised an unprecedented $3.5 million for McKinley's campaign for the [[gold standard]], high tariffs, high wages, [[pluralism]] and renewed prosperity. Most of the money came from corporations who feared that [[William Jennings Bryan]]'s more radical [[Free Silver]] policy would ruin the entire economy.