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[[Image:EarlWarren.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]

[[Image:EarlWarren.jpg|thumb|right|300px]]

'''Earl Warren,''' (1891-1974) was an [[United States|American]] statesman and judge, best known for his role as Chief Justice on the [[Supreme Court]] from 1953 to 1969.  He was a [[liberal]] Republican, serving as governor of California, 1943-53, and as the losing GOP nominee for Vice President in 1948.   

'''Earl Warren,''' (1891-1974) was an [[United States|American]] statesman and judge, best known for his role as Chief Justice on the [[Supreme Court]] from 1953 to 1969.  He was a [[liberal]] [[Republican]], serving as governor of [[California]], 1943-53, and as the losing GOP nominee for [[Vice President]] in 1948.   

Warren was an activist judge who pushed for a liberal interpretation of the Constitution and more powerful role for the judiciary.  Under his leadership, the [[Warren Court]] repeatedly ruled in favor of criminals and against prayer in school.

Warren was an activist judge who pushed for a liberal interpretation of the [[Constitution]] and more powerful role for the judiciary.  Under his leadership, the [[Warren Court]] repeatedly ruled in favor of criminals and against [[prayer]] in school.

==Early Professional Life==

==Early Professional Life==

Warren was born in Los Angeles, the son of Methias H. ("Matt") Warren, a railroad worker, and Christine Hernlund. After Matt was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the family moved to Bakersfield, California, in 1894, where the father worked in a railroad repair yard, and the son had summer jobs in railroading. Warren always recalled how big corporations could dominate the lives of their employees and how powerless minority members were when faced with discrimination.  He was strongly influenced by the reform currents of the [[Progressive Era]] to oppose corruption and promote democracy.

Warren was born in Los Angeles, the son of Methias H. ("Matt") Warren, a railroad worker, and Christine Hernlund. After Matt was blacklisted for joining in a strike, the family moved to Bakersfield, California, in 1894, where the father worked in a railroad repair yard, and the son had summer jobs in railroading. Warren always recalled how big corporations could dominate the lives of their employees and how powerless minority members were when faced with discrimination.  He was strongly influenced by the reform currents of the [[Progressive Era]] to oppose corruption and promote democracy.

Warren graduated from Kern County High School and then attended college and law school at the University of California at Berkeley, earning a B.L. in 1912 and a LL.B. in 1914. He worked for a law firm before serving briefly in the army in 1918. He built his career at the Alameda County district attorney's office 1920-38.  In 1926 he was elected to the first of three terms as district attorney. In 1925, he  married Nina Palmquist Meyers, a widow with a young son. Warren adopted him, and the couple had five more children.  

Warren graduated from Kern County High School and then attended college and law school at the [[University_of_California,_Berkeley|University of California at Berkeley]], earning a B.L. in 1912 and a LL.B. in 1914. He worked for a law firm before serving briefly in the [[army]] in 1918. He built his career at the Alameda County district attorney's office 1920-38.  In 1926 he was elected to the first of three terms as district attorney. In 1925, he  married Nina Palmquist Meyers, a widow with a young son. Warren adopted him, and the couple had five more children.  

Shortly after taking office, irregularities were uncovered in the city of Oakland, the largest city in Alameda county. Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements.  

Shortly after taking office, irregularities were uncovered in the city of Oakland, the largest city in Alameda county. Warren vigorously investigated allegations that a deputy sheriff was taking bribes in connection with street-paving arrangements.  

Warren soon gained a statewide reputation as a tough, no-nonsense district attorney who fought corruption in government; a 1931 survey voted listed him as the best district attorney in the country. He ran his office in a nonpartisan manner and strongly supported the autonomy of law enforcement agencies. But he also believed that police and prosecutors had to act fairly, and much of what would later lie at the heart of the Warren Court's revolution in criminal justice can be traced back to his days as an active prosecuting attorney.  

Warren soon gained a statewide reputation as a tough, no-nonsense district attorney who fought corruption in government; a 1931 survey voted listed him as the best district attorney in the country. He ran his office in a nonpartisan manner and strongly supported the autonomy of law enforcement agencies. But he also believed that police and prosecutors had to act fairly, and much of what would later lie at the heart of the Warren Court's revolution in criminal justice can be traced back to his days as an active prosecuting attorney.  

==State office==

==State office==

In 1938, Warren ran successfully for the California attorney generalship. He expanded the office, and built  greater cooperation among various law enforcement agencies. By 1942, Warren was one of the most popular officials in California, and he ran for and was elected governor on the Republican ticket. He was reelected in 1946 and 1950.  

In 1938, Warren ran successfully for the California [[attorney general]]ship. He expanded the office, and built  greater cooperation among various law enforcement agencies. By 1942, Warren was one of the most popular officials in California, and he ran for and was elected governor on the Republican ticket. He was reelected in 1946 and 1950.  

As governor Warren modernized the office of governor, and state government generally.  

As governor Warren modernized the office of [[governor]], and state government generally.  

Like all [[Progressive Era|progressives]], Warren believed in [[Efficency Movement|efficiency]] and planning. During World War II he aggressively pursued postwar economic planning. Fearing another postwar decline that would rival the depression years, Governor Earl Warren initiated public works projects similar to those of the [[New Deal]] to capitalize on wartime tax surpluses and provide jobs for returning veterans. Warren also built up the state's higher education system based on the University of California and its vast network of small universities and community colleges.<ref> John Aubrey Douglass,  "Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California." ''Journal of Policy History'' 2000 12(4): 473-512 </ref> For example, his support of the Collier-Burns Act in 1947 raised gasoline taxes that funded a massive program of freeway construction. Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system. Warren's support for the bill was crucial because his status as a popular governor strengthened his views, in contrast with opposition from trucking, oil, and gas lobbyists. The Collier-Burns Act helped influence passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act in 1956, setting a pattern for national highway construction.<ref> Daniel J. B. Mitchell,  “Earl Warren's Fight for California's Freeways: Setting a Path for the Nation.”  ''Southern California Quarterly'' 2006 88(2): 205-238 34p.</ref>

Like all [[Progressive Era|progressives]], Warren believed in [[Efficency Movement|efficiency]] and planning. During World War II he aggressively pursued postwar economic planning. Fearing another postwar decline that would rival the depression years, Governor Earl Warren initiated public works projects similar to those of the [[New Deal]] to capitalize on wartime tax surpluses and provide jobs for returning veterans. Warren also built up the state's higher education system based on the University of California and its vast network of small universities and community colleges.<ref> John Aubrey Douglass,  "Earl Warren's New Deal: Economic Transition, Postwar Planning, and Higher Education in California." ''Journal of Policy History'' 2000 12(4): 473-512 </ref> For example, his support of the Collier-Burns Act in 1947 raised gasoline taxes that funded a massive program of freeway construction. Unlike states where tolls or bonds funded highway construction, California's gasoline taxes were earmarked for building the system. Warren's support for the bill was crucial because his status as a popular governor strengthened his views, in contrast with opposition from trucking, oil, and gas lobbyists. The Collier-Burns Act helped influence passage of the Federal-Aid Highway Act in 1956, setting a pattern for national highway construction.<ref> Daniel J. B. Mitchell,  “Earl Warren's Fight for California's Freeways: Setting a Path for the Nation.”  ''Southern California Quarterly'' 2006 88(2): 205-238 34p.</ref>