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→Expanded role: Religion is significant even in those not run by religious orgs. Picture of hosp. chapel at FMH coming soon
The changing ideas about the treatment of children can be explored through the architecture of pediatric hospitals in Montreal and Toronto from 1875 to 2000. Hospital architecture reveals three distinct phases in the structuring of medical care spaces for children as patients. Late-19th- and early-20th-century children's hospitals remained bastions of older spatial attitudes toward health, while the post-World War I hospital was self-consciously modern, with an arrangement more scientific and institutional than its predecessor. Through references to other typologies, the postmodern hospital marks a return to the earlier attitude that children's health is a family affair.<ref> Annmarie Adams and David Theodore, "Designing For 'The Little Convalescents': Children's Hospitals in Toronto and Montreal, 1875-2000." ''Canadian Bulletin of Medical History'' 2002 19(1): 201-243. 0823-2105 </ref>
The changing ideas about the treatment of children can be explored through the architecture of pediatric hospitals in Montreal and Toronto from 1875 to 2000. Hospital architecture reveals three distinct phases in the structuring of medical care spaces for children as patients. Late-19th- and early-20th-century children's hospitals remained bastions of older spatial attitudes toward health, while the post-World War I hospital was self-consciously modern, with an arrangement more scientific and institutional than its predecessor. Through references to other typologies, the postmodern hospital marks a return to the earlier attitude that children's health is a family affair.<ref> Annmarie Adams and David Theodore, "Designing For 'The Little Convalescents': Children's Hospitals in Toronto and Montreal, 1875-2000." ''Canadian Bulletin of Medical History'' 2002 19(1): 201-243. 0823-2105 </ref>
===Technology===
===Technology===
X rays, discovered in 1895, were quickly adopted, making the hospital the workshop of medicine. With the introduction of aseptic techniques in the late 19th century, surgery advanced rapidly, with the uperior facilities of the hospital replacing the doctor's office. In 1918 the College of Surgeons sponsored a program of hospital standardization that set forth minimum requirements for properly equipped hospitals. In 1918 only 13% of hospitals won approval. Great gains were made in the 1920s so that by 1936, 72% met the standards.
X rays, discovered in 1895, were quickly adopted, making the hospital the workshop of medicine. With the introduction of aseptic techniques in the late 19th century, surgery advanced rapidly, with the uperior facilities of the hospital replacing the doctor's office. In 1918 the College of Surgeons sponsored a program of hospital standardization that set forth minimum requirements for properly equipped hospitals. In 1918 only 13% of hospitals won approval. Great gains were made in the 1920s so that by 1936, 72% met the standards.
===Reglion===
Religion plays a significant role in most hospitals, even those without a particular religious theme. Hospitals of all types usually employ a hospital chaplain.<ref>[http://www.charlotteregional.com/getpage.php?name=pastoralcare Health Management Associates facility Charlotte Regional Medical Center employs Rev. Larry Pope]</ref><ref>[http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=1906510544&page_url=%2f%2fwww.charlottecoa.org%2fboard.htm&page_last_updated=3%2f5%2f2007+4%3a21%3a34+AM&firstName=Bob&lastName=Carlson Hospital Corporation of America facility employs Rev. Bob Carlson]</ref><ref>[http://www.smh.com/sections/services-procedures/guide_hospital/main.html Sarasota Memorial Hospital, a county-run facility, employs more than one chaplain]</ref> The Gideons International places copies of the Holy Bible in most hospital rooms.<ref>http://www.gideons.org/AboutUs/LastingMission.aspx</ref> Some hosptials without a religious theme were originally built by religious organizations. [[Atheists]] generally do not establish hospitals, and even if a hospital were established by an atheist, there are no "religious free" hospitals as it wouldn't be a profitable business practice to abolish religion in such facilities, and atheists [[Atheism and uncharitableness|are much too uncharitable]] to establish a non-profit facility.
==Costs and insurance==
==Costs and insurance==
The costs of hospital care were rising, and in 1933 the American Hospital Association recommended prepaid nonprofit hospital insurance (Blue Cross), initiating a new pattern of prepayment for health-related expenses. There was a massive growth of a private health industry in the United States during the 1940s-1950s, in contrast to the public health insurance programs implemented in Western Europe and Canada. Rising family income and tax policies encouraged a close link between employment and health insurance, thus promoting insurance. On the supply side, hospitals sought to stabilize fluctuating income through prepayment plans that later became Blue Cross. Doctors, although adamantly opposed to government insurance, formed Blue Shield plans. These two created a new supply of health insurance and demonstrated the viability of the private health insurance model, stimulating competitor companies and increasing consumer purchase of health insurance.<ref> Melissa A. Thomasson, "From Sickness To Health: The Twentieth-Century Development of U.S. Health Insurance." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 2002 39(3): 233-253. 0014-4983 </ref>
The costs of hospital care were rising, and in 1933 the American Hospital Association recommended prepaid nonprofit hospital insurance (Blue Cross), initiating a new pattern of prepayment for health-related expenses. There was a massive growth of a private health industry in the United States during the 1940s-1950s, in contrast to the public health insurance programs implemented in Western Europe and Canada. Rising family income and tax policies encouraged a close link between employment and health insurance, thus promoting insurance. On the supply side, hospitals sought to stabilize fluctuating income through prepayment plans that later became Blue Cross. Doctors, although adamantly opposed to government insurance, formed Blue Shield plans. These two created a new supply of health insurance and demonstrated the viability of the private health insurance model, stimulating competitor companies and increasing consumer purchase of health insurance.<ref> Melissa A. Thomasson, "From Sickness To Health: The Twentieth-Century Development of U.S. Health Insurance." ''Explorations in Economic History'' 2002 39(3): 233-253. 0014-4983 </ref>