Changes

It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between morality and ethics, terms not seldom employed synonymously. Morality is antecedent to ethics: it denotes those concrete activities of which ethics is the science. It may be defined as human conduct in so far as it is freely subordinated to the ideal of what is right and fitting.

It is necessary at the outset to distinguish between morality and ethics, terms not seldom employed synonymously. Morality is antecedent to ethics: it denotes those concrete activities of which ethics is the science. It may be defined as human conduct in so far as it is freely subordinated to the ideal of what is right and fitting.

This ideal governing our free actions is common to the human race. Though there is wide divergence as to theories of ethics [[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05556a.htm]] , there is a fundamental agreement among men regarding the general lines of conduct desirable in public and private life. Thus Mr. L. T. Hobhouse has well said:  

This ideal governing our free actions is common to the human race. Though there is wide divergence as to theories of ethics [[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05556a.htm]] , there is a fundamental agreement among men regarding the general lines of conduct desirable in public and private life. L. T. Hobhouse has well said:  

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

"The comparative study of ethics, which is apt in its earlier stages to impress the student with a bewildering sense of the diversity of moral judgments, ends rather by impressing them with a more fundamental and far-reaching uniformity. Through the greatest extent of time and space over which we have records, we find a recurrence of the common features of ordinary morality, which to my mind at least is not less impressive than the variations which also appear".

''"The comparative study of ethics, which is apt in its earlier stages to impress the student with a bewildering sense of the diversity of moral judgments, ends rather by impressing them with a more fundamental and far-reaching uniformity. Through the greatest extent of time and space over which we have records, we find a recurrence of the common features of ordinary morality, which to my mind at least is not less impressive than the variations which also appear".'' [http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1911hobhouse.html]

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

Many secular writers and scholars say a clear and decent moral philosophy may be and has been developed without recourse to mysticism, as religion is.  There is no way to prove, objectively, that any religion is truer than any other.  On the other hand, basing a moral philosophy on duty, loyalty, and “women and children first” can produce, and has produced, a set of principles for living a just and proper life that does not require a belief in a deity or other prop outside of recognition of human fellowship.

"Many secular writers and scholars say a clear and decent moral philosophy may be and has been developed without recourse to mysticism, as religion is.  There is no way to prove, objectively, that any religion is truer than any other.  On the other hand, basing a moral philosophy on duty, loyalty, and “women and children first” can produce, and has produced, a set of principles for living a just and proper life that does not require a belief in a deity or other prop outside of recognition of human fellowship.

It should be noted that the western world's first examples of philosophy, in the Greek city states, did in fact arise out of their religious beliefs.  Both Plato and Aristotle acknowledged a single Divine source as the origin of the cosmos and,  ipso facto, the origin of being or existence itself. Plato specifically believed in the immortality of the human soul, not as a matter of mysticism, but as developed in philosophical logic. This appears most clearly in his dialog, the "Phaedo," [[http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedo.html]] in which Socrates's sorrowful friends visit him in prison, just as he is about to drink the hemlock poison.  He comforts them with the certainty that his soul is about to pass over into a new realm.

It should be noted that the western world's first examples of philosophy, in the Greek city states, did in fact arise out of their religious beliefs.  Both Plato and Aristotle acknowledged a single Divine source as the origin of the cosmos and,  ipso facto, the origin of being or existence itself. Plato specifically believed in the immortality of the human soul, not as a matter of mysticism, but as developed in philosophical logic. This appears most clearly in his dialog, the "Phaedo," [[http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/phaedo.html]] in which Socrates's sorrowful friends visit him in prison, just as he is about to drink the hemlock poison.  He comforts them with the certainty that his soul is about to pass over into a new realm.

That misconception, for example, is the root of the disastrous savagery produced by the French Revolutionary intellectuals' "ideas" about a perfect socialistic government.  As present-day French intellectual André Maurois observed in his "A History of France," the French intellectuals, unlike their English and American contemporaries, had never had so much as five minutes actual experience in self-government.  In contrast, the English and their American political heirs had struggled for centuries to hammer out their unwritten constitution governing the rights and privileges of individuals under law, against the crown.  Those political understandings were bound up in their religious understandings of the duty of sovereigns and subjects to God.  No English king, or Continental sovereign, could claim legitimacy without the blessings of the Christian church.

That misconception, for example, is the root of the disastrous savagery produced by the French Revolutionary intellectuals' "ideas" about a perfect socialistic government.  As present-day French intellectual André Maurois observed in his "A History of France," the French intellectuals, unlike their English and American contemporaries, had never had so much as five minutes actual experience in self-government.  In contrast, the English and their American political heirs had struggled for centuries to hammer out their unwritten constitution governing the rights and privileges of individuals under law, against the crown.  Those political understandings were bound up in their religious understandings of the duty of sovereigns and subjects to God.  No English king, or Continental sovereign, could claim legitimacy without the blessings of the Christian church.

That is why Europe's first secular and imperialist ruler Napoleon ostentatiously snatched the crown from the hands of the the bishop and placed it himself upon his head at the coronation ceremony.  Symbolically, this represented liberals' hubristic presumption that they alone are the rulers of the universe and that they need no help from God, socialistic, individual hubris that presumes to the capacity to make up its own rules of morality is a prescription for anarchic demise.

That is why Europe's first secular and imperialist ruler Napoleon ostentatiously snatched the crown from the hands of the the bishop and placed it himself upon his head at the coronation ceremony.  Symbolically, this represented liberals' hubristic presumption that they alone are the rulers of the universe and that they need no help from God, socialistic, individual hubris that presumes to the capacity to make up its own rules of morality is a prescription for anarchic demise."[http://www.republicanvoices.org/october_2005_newsletter.html][[http://www.intellectualconservative.com/2005/11/01/moral-models-from-mainstream-media/]]

 

The absence of a distinction between morality and justice is a kind of moralism. The principle that all moral wrongs should be legally sanctioned as judicial wrongs, erasing the distinction between morality and justice, may be called judicial moralism. Usually this means generalizing the morality of intention into the morality of action rather than the opposite, which would simply evaluate actions as right or wrong, without qualifying the judgment by any consideration of motive or intention:  although this does happen in tort law it is called "strict liability," and some legal scholars, including Richard Epstein [[http://www.friesian.com/chicago.htm]], believe all torts should be interpreted according to strict liability. However, strict liability would also make things much easier for prosecutors in criminal cases, and it is now becoming common for laws to be passed that ignore motives and intentions (the mens rea). Thus, "money laundering" laws, which require reporting to the government the transfers of certain amounts of cash or bearer financial instruments, although supposedly written to catch drug dealers and their agents, are typically enforced against innocent people who are either ignorant of such an obscure law or who do not believe their financial privacy in the course of innocent transactions is any of the government's business. But it doesn't matter how innocent the money or the motives are. This trend in criminal law is, of course, tyranny and injustice.  

The absence of a distinction between morality and justice is a kind of moralism. The principle that all moral wrongs should be legally sanctioned as judicial wrongs, erasing the distinction between morality and justice, may be called judicial moralism. Usually this means generalizing the morality of intention into the morality of action rather than the opposite, which would simply evaluate actions as right or wrong, without qualifying the judgment by any consideration of motive or intention:  although this does happen in tort law it is called "strict liability," and some legal scholars, including Richard Epstein [[http://www.friesian.com/chicago.htm]], believe all torts should be interpreted according to strict liability. However, strict liability would also make things much easier for prosecutors in criminal cases, and it is now becoming common for laws to be passed that ignore motives and intentions (the mens rea). Thus, "money laundering" laws, which require reporting to the government the transfers of certain amounts of cash or bearer financial instruments, although supposedly written to catch drug dealers and their agents, are typically enforced against innocent people who are either ignorant of such an obscure law or who do not believe their financial privacy in the course of innocent transactions is any of the government's business. But it doesn't matter how innocent the money or the motives are. This trend in criminal law is, of course, tyranny and injustice.  

== References ==

== References ==

<references/>

<references/>

Cathrein, Religion und Moral (Freiburg, 1900); Fox, Religion and Morality (New York, 1899); Devas, Key to the World's Progress (London, 1906); Idem, Studies of Family Life (London, 1886); Balfour, Foundations of Belief (London, 1895), Part I, i; Catholic Truth Society's Lectures on the History of Religions (London, 1910);Laws of Justice, Hammurabi;

Cathrein, Religion und Moral (Freiburg, 1900); Fox, Religion and Morality (New York, 1899); Devas, Key to the World's Progress (London, 1906); Idem, Studies of Family Life (London, 1886); Balfour, Foundations of Belief (London, 1895), Part I, i; Catholic Truth Society's Lectures on the History of Religions (London, 1910);Laws of Justice, Hammurabi; Moral Models from Mainstream Media. By Thomas E. Brewton; Buddhist Morality, Dr. C. George Boeree;