Changes

In 1917, Lenin took over Russia, the following year imposing socialism (“War Communism”); it quickly and spectacularly failed, resulting in mass famine and economic collapse.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5RFHJY Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921], International Committee of the Red Cross. Cf. Francis Haller, "[http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/html/5QKJLH Secours en temps de paix – la famine en Russie]," ''Le Temps'', August 12, 2003</ref> In response to this failure, communists like [[Oskar Lange]] and Georges Sorel theorized about a “third way” between capitalism and socialism; Lange called his theory “market socialism”;<ref>Philip Hanson, “Is there a third way? Capitalism, socialism and the reform of the Soviet

In 1917, Lenin took over Russia, the following year imposing socialism (“War Communism”); it quickly and spectacularly failed, resulting in mass famine and economic collapse.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5RFHJY Famine in Russia: the hidden horrors of 1921], International Committee of the Red Cross. Cf. Francis Haller, "[http://www.icrc.org/web/fre/sitefre0.nsf/html/5QKJLH Secours en temps de paix – la famine en Russie]," ''Le Temps'', August 12, 2003</ref> In response to this failure, communists like [[Oskar Lange]] and Georges Sorel theorized about a “third way” between capitalism and socialism; Lange called his theory “market socialism”;<ref>Philip Hanson, “Is there a third way? Capitalism, socialism and the reform of the Soviet

economy,” in B. Dallego, H. Brzezinski and W. Andreff, eds. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=elCNAAAAIAAJ Convergence and System Change: The Convergence Hypothesis in Light of Transition in Eastern Europe]'' (Dartmouth, 1991) ISBN 1855212188, pp. 149-169, 235 ''et seq''. Cf. Ulrich van Suntum, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mJ4TfKL4wcAC The Invisible Hand: Economic Thought Yesterday and Today]'' (Springer, 2005) ISBN 3540204970, p. 204</ref> Sorel meanwhile adopted “syndicalism,” a type of guild socialism.

economy,” in B. Dallego, H. Brzezinski and W. Andreff, eds. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=elCNAAAAIAAJ Convergence and System Change: The Convergence Hypothesis in Light of Transition in Eastern Europe]'' (Dartmouth, 1991) ISBN 1855212188, pp. 149-169, 235 ''et seq''. Cf. Ulrich van Suntum, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=mJ4TfKL4wcAC The Invisible Hand: Economic Thought Yesterday and Today]'' (Springer, 2005) ISBN 3540204970, p. 204</ref> Sorel meanwhile adopted “syndicalism,” a type of guild socialism.<ref>Ludwig von Mises, ''[http://mises.org/Books/humanaction.pdf Human Action: A Treatise on Economics],'' 4th Ed., (San Francisco: Fox & Wilkes 1996), p. 817</ref>

While Lenin's “New Economic Policy” (1921-28) followed Lange, Mussolini's Fascism followed Sorel;<ref>David D. Roberts, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-gsNAQAAIAAJ The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism]'' (Manchester University Press, 1979) ISBN 0719007615, p. 316</ref> National Socialism, emerging from the shattered remains of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, promised yet another a “third way” between capitalism and communism,<ref>Artur Moeller van den Bruck's book ''The Third Reich'' (1923) was originally entitled ''The Third Way.'' (George Lachmann Mosse, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6oiD85C9HzUC Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality]'' [Wayne State University Press, 1987] ISBN 0814318959, pp. 84, 166) On Fascism as “third way,” see Zeev Sternhell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ccgIu6oYkREC Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France]'' (Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691006296, p. 94, and Roger Eatwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=x3U6AAAAMAAJ Fascism: A History]'', (London: Allen Lane, 1996), ISBN 071399147X, p. 11.</ref> uniting proletarian and bourgeois to fight for the state and race.<ref>"It was the union of the anticapitalist forces of the Right and of the Left, the fusion of radical and conservative socialism, which drove out from Germany everything that was liberal." Friedrich August Hayek, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC The Road to Serfdom]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007) ISBN 0226320553, p. 182. By "liberal," Hayek refers to classical liberalism or libertarianism, including free-market economics.</ref> It was in this atmosphere that the New Deal took shape. According to Amity Schlaes, author of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7fZ6AAAACAAJ The Forgotten Man]'', "Both Stalin's Russia and Mussolini's Italy influenced the New Deal enormously."<ref>Amity Shlaes, "[http://www.aei.org/article/26390 The Real Deal]," ''The Wall Street Journal'', June 25, 2007</ref>

While Lenin's “New Economic Policy” (1921-28) followed Lange, Mussolini's Fascism followed Sorel;<ref>David D. Roberts, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-gsNAQAAIAAJ The Syndicalist Tradition and Italian Fascism]'' (Manchester University Press, 1979) ISBN 0719007615, p. 316</ref> National Socialism, emerging from the shattered remains of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, promised yet another a “third way” between capitalism and communism,<ref>Artur Moeller van den Bruck's book ''The Third Reich'' (1923) was originally entitled ''The Third Way.'' (George Lachmann Mosse, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6oiD85C9HzUC Masses and Man: Nationalist and Fascist Perceptions of Reality]'' [Wayne State University Press, 1987] ISBN 0814318959, pp. 84, 166) On Fascism as “third way,” see Zeev Sternhell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ccgIu6oYkREC Neither Right nor Left: Fascist Ideology in France]'' (Princeton University Press, 1996) ISBN 0691006296, p. 94, and Roger Eatwell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=x3U6AAAAMAAJ Fascism: A History]'', (London: Allen Lane, 1996), ISBN 071399147X, p. 11.</ref> uniting proletarian and bourgeois to fight for the state and race.<ref>"It was the union of the anticapitalist forces of the Right and of the Left, the fusion of radical and conservative socialism, which drove out from Germany everything that was liberal." Friedrich August Hayek, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qg61T_I1mwsC The Road to Serfdom]'' (University of Chicago Press, 2007) ISBN 0226320553, p. 182. By "liberal," Hayek refers to classical liberalism or libertarianism, including free-market economics.</ref> It was in this atmosphere that the New Deal took shape. According to Amity Schlaes, author of ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7fZ6AAAACAAJ The Forgotten Man]'', "Both Stalin's Russia and Mussolini's Italy influenced the New Deal enormously."<ref>Amity Shlaes, "[http://www.aei.org/article/26390 The Real Deal]," ''The Wall Street Journal'', June 25, 2007</ref>