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==Karl Marx==
==Karl Marx==
'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (born Karl Mordechai)<ref>William Stearns Davis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8XQN5jMgBX4C Europe Since Waterloo: A Non-technical History of Europe from the Exile of Napolean to the Treaty of Versailles, 1815-1919]'' (New York: The Century Company, 1926), p. 484</ref> was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758.Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited (with Friedrich Engels) as a co-founder of communism.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref>
'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (born Karl Mordechai)<ref>William Stearns Davis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8XQN5jMgBX4C Europe Since Waterloo: A Non-technical History of Europe from the Exile of Napolean to the Treaty of Versailles, 1815-1919]'' (New York: The Century Company, 1926), p. 484</ref> was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758.Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited (with Friedrich Engels) as a co-founder of communism.<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref>
==Early life==
Marx was born May 5, 1818, in the Rhineland city of Trier,<ref>Lewis A. Coser, "[Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context] (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1977) ISBN 0155551302, p. 58</ref> then in the Kingdom of Prussia<ref>Philip J. Adler and Randall L. Pouwels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=9EdN82Am9A4C World Civilizations: Since 1500]'' (Florence, KY: Cengage Learning, 2007) ISBN 0495502626, p. 459</ref> (now in the Federal Republic of Germany).<ref>[http://www.london.diplo.de/Vertretung/london/en/05/Art/Roman__Culture/Roman__Culture__Seite.html Roman Culture in Germany], Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, London</ref> He was the son of Herschel Mordechai<ref>Cornel West with David Ritz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=z2KfA2EYnAsC Brother West: Living and Loving Out Loud] (Carlsbad, CA: Hay House, Inc., 2009), ISBN 1401921892, p. 110</ref> and Henriette Pressborck,<ref>Richard P. Appelbaum, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=2KfrAAAAMAAJ Karl Marx]'' (London: Sage Publications, 1988) ISBN 0803925794, p. 21</ref> both the children of rabbis descended from famous Talmudic scholars and sages.<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]''(HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 53</ref>
Marx's father was a successful lawyer<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84CAntisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> and owner of several Moselle vineyards.<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> Philosophically, he was a liberal<ref>John Spargo , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=oM0WAAAAYAAJ Karl Marx: His Life and Work]'' (B. W. Huebsch, 1912), p. 18</ref> who “knew his Voltaire and Rousseau by heart.”<ref>Wilhelm Liebknecht (Trans. Ernest Untermann), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYv3uqzDvsC Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs]'' (Chicago: C. H. Kerr & company, 1901), p. 163</ref> After a Prussian edict of 1812 effectively banned Jews from public office and the professions, he converted in 1816<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84CAntisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> to the Lutheran Church<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> (the “established” or state church of Prussia)<ref>John Henry Kurtz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=m26sAI63HSkC History of the Christian Church from the Reformation to the Present, Volume 3]'' (Edinburgh: Clark, 1863) ISBN 1417991631, p. 310</ref> and changed his name to Heinrich Marx.<ref>Philip C. Starr and Drew Barden, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7RHrBCMd0UUC Economics: Principles in Action]'' (Encino, CA: Dickenson Pub. Co., 1975) ISBN 082210136X, p. 425</ref> In 1824, he had his six children, including seven-year-old Karl, baptized.<ref>Werner Blumenberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eMkjlNv4neUC Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography]'' (Verso, 2000) ISBN 1859842542, p. 10</ref>
===References===
===References===