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→Early life
Marx's father was a successful lawyer<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84C Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> and owner of several Moselle vineyards.<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> Philosophically, he was a liberal<ref>John Spargo , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=oM0WAAAAYAAJ Karl Marx: His Life and Work]'' (B. W. Huebsch, 1912), p. 18</ref> who “knew his Voltaire and Rousseau by heart.”<ref>Wilhelm Liebknecht (Trans. Ernest Untermann), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYv3uqzDvsC Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs]'' (Chicago: C. H. Kerr & company, 1901), p. 163</ref> After a Prussian edict of 1812 effectively banned Jews from public office and the professions, he converted in 1816<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84C Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> to the Lutheran Church<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> (the “established” or state church of Prussia)<ref>John Henry Kurtz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=m26sAI63HSkC History of the Christian Church from the Reformation to the Present, Volume 3]'' (Edinburgh: Clark, 1863) ISBN 1417991631, p. 310</ref> and changed his name to Heinrich Marx.<ref>Philip C. Starr and Drew Barden, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7RHrBCMd0UUC Economics: Principles in Action]'' (Encino, CA: Dickenson Pub. Co., 1975) ISBN 082210136X, p. 425</ref> In 1824, he had his seven children, including six-year-old Karl, baptized.<ref>Werner Blumenberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eMkjlNv4neUC Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography]'' (Verso, 2000) ISBN 1859842542, p. 10</ref>
Marx's father was a successful lawyer<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84C Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> and owner of several Moselle vineyards.<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> Philosophically, he was a liberal<ref>John Spargo , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=oM0WAAAAYAAJ Karl Marx: His Life and Work]'' (B. W. Huebsch, 1912), p. 18</ref> who “knew his Voltaire and Rousseau by heart.”<ref>Wilhelm Liebknecht (Trans. Ernest Untermann), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYv3uqzDvsC Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs]'' (Chicago: C. H. Kerr & company, 1901), p. 163</ref> After a Prussian edict of 1812 effectively banned Jews from public office and the professions, he converted in 1816<ref>Hyam Maccoby, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=h6Wo5CIgk84C Antisemitism and Modernity: Innovation and Continuity]'' (Abingdon: Routledge, 2006) ISBN 041531173X, p. 64</ref> to the Lutheran Church<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 10</ref> (the “established” or state church of Prussia)<ref>John Henry Kurtz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=m26sAI63HSkC History of the Christian Church from the Reformation to the Present, Volume 3]'' (Edinburgh: Clark, 1863) ISBN 1417991631, p. 310</ref> and changed his name to Heinrich Marx.<ref>Philip C. Starr and Drew Barden, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=7RHrBCMd0UUC Economics: Principles in Action]'' (Encino, CA: Dickenson Pub. Co., 1975) ISBN 082210136X, p. 425</ref> In 1824, he had his seven children, including six-year-old Karl, baptized.<ref>Werner Blumenberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=eMkjlNv4neUC Karl Marx: An Illustrated Biography]'' (Verso, 2000) ISBN 1859842542, p. 10</ref>
==Marx the Christian==
Karl Marx was confirmed at 15, As a student at the Royal Frederick William III gymnasium, he was by all appearances a passionate Christian. In a 1835 senior thesis, the 17-year-old Marx wrote:
{{cquote|“[U]nion with Christ consists in the most intimate, most vital communion with Him, in having Him before our eyes and in our hearts, and being so imbued with the highest love for Him, at the same time we turn our hearts to our brothers whom He has closely bound to us, and for whom also He sacrificed Himself... Therefore union with Christ bestows inner exaltation, consolation in suffering, calm assurance, and a heart which is open to love of mankind, to all that is noble, to all that is great, not out of ambition, not through a desire for fame, but only because of Christ.”<ref>Karl Marx, “[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1837-pre/marx/1835chris.htm The Union of Believers With Christ According to John 15: 1-14, Showing its Basis and Essence, its Absolute Necessity, and its Effects],” in Robert Payne, ed.,''The Unknown Karl Marx'' (New York University Press, 1971), ISBN 0340093935, pp. 39-43, reprinted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 636–639</ref>}}
In another senior thesis written at the same time, Marx wrote:
{{cquote|“[R]eligion itself teaches us that the ideal being whom all strive to copy sacrificed himself for the sake of mankind, and who would dare to set at nought such judgments?”<ref>Karl Marx, “[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1837-pre/marx/1835-ref.htm Reflections of a Young Man on The Choice of a Profession],” ''Archiv für die Geschichte des Sozialismus und der Arbeiterbewegung'' (1925), reprinted in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), pp. 3-9</ref>}}
When Marx graduated that year, his diploma read, under the category “Religious knowledge”: “His knowledge of the Christian faith and morals is fairly clear and well grounded; he knows also to some extent the history of the Christian Church.”<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1835-mat.htm Certificate of Maturity for Pupil of the Gymnasium in Trier], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), p.643</ref>
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