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==Anti-Semitism and racism==

==Anti-Semitism and racism==

Marx has frequently been criticized as anti-Semitic, but in this he was in the mainstream of socialist thinking. “[M]odern, political anti-Semitism is a creature of the left as well as the right,” according to Robert Fine, chair of the Sociology Department at Warwick University. “[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', Issue 2 (May 2006)</ref> Shlomo Sharan, Professor Emeritus in Educational and Organizational Psychology at the School of Education, Tel Aviv University, writes, “The Marxist, postmodern and post- Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

Marx has frequently been criticized as anti-Semitic, but in this he was in the mainstream of socialist thinking. “[M]odern, political anti-Semitism is a creature of the left as well as the right,” according to Robert Fine, chair of the Sociology Department at Warwick University. “[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', Issue 2 (May 2006)</ref> Shlomo Sharan, Professor Emeritus in Educational and Organizational Psychology at the School of Education, Tel Aviv University, writes, “The Marxist, postmodern and post- Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

The socialism of Fourier,<ref>Fourier called the Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers.” Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Proudhon,<ref>Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race.” Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> Bakunin<ref>Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite.” Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> and Beatrice Webb<ref>Webb wrote that “strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888) , p. 176</ref> was inextricably bound up with crude and vicious anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism.,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956) , pp.378-379</ref>

The socialism of Fourier,<ref>Fourier called the Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers.” Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Proudhon,<ref>Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race.” Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> Bakunin<ref>Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite.” Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> and Beatrice Webb<ref>Webb wrote that “strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888) , p. 176</ref> was inextricably bound up with crude and vicious anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism.,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956) , pp.378-379</ref>

So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52 </ref> Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California – Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52 </ref> Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California – Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>