Changes

==Karl Marx==

==Karl Marx==

'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (May 5, 1818<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1818-bc.htm Birth Certificate of Karl Marx], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works'', Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635</ref> – March 14, 1883) was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758. Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited as co-founder (with Friedrich Engels) of communism<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref> and specifically of Marxism. According to ex-Marxist<ref>Ray Sawhill, "[http://www.salon.com/books/int/1999/11/10/sowell Black and right]," Salon.com, November 10, 1999</ref> economist Thomas Sowell, winner of the National Endowment for the Humanities' National Humanities Medal:<ref>"[http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-03/medalists.html#sowell Thomas Sowell: Economics and Society], Making a Difference: The National Humanities Medalists, National Endowment for the Humanities</ref>

'''Karl Heinrich Marx''' (May 5, 1818<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1818-bc.htm Birth Certificate of Karl Marx], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''Collected Works'', Vol. 1 (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), p. 635</ref> – March 14, 1883) was a bourgeois<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, pp. 8, 278</ref> political pamphleteer,<ref>George Bernard Shaw, “Trotsky, Prince of Pamphleteers,” ''The Nation'' (ISSN 0027-8378) Vol. 1922 No. 30 (June 7, 1922), pp. 560-561, reprinted in Brian Tyson, ed., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: Volume Two,1884-1950]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1996) ISBN 0271015489, pp. 440-450. Cf. Terrell Carver, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=HgbPEM0A4ksC The Postmodern Marx]'' (University Park, PA.: Penn State Press, 1998), p. 160</ref> polemicist<ref>Chris Matthew Sciaberra, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D7z2ACODvLkC Marx, Hayek and Utopia]'' (SUNY Press, 1995) ISBN 0791426165, p.6. Cf. Michael Grenfell and Cheryl Hardy, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ao6emzDlvIAC Art Rules: Pierre Bourdieu and the Visual Arts]'' (Berg Publishers, 2007) ISBN 1845202341, p.17</ref> and propagandist,<ref>Baron John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=ItJmAAAAMAAJ The Cambridge Modern History]'' (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1910), p. 758. Cf. Milorad M. Drachkovitch and Sidney Hook, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MJkLqIlu-q4C Marxist Ideology in the Contemporary World: Its Appeals and Paradoxes]'' (Ayer Publishing, 1973) ISBN 0836981545, p. 113</ref> credited as co-founder (with Friedrich Engels) of communism<ref>Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=am7G9xBmlXAC The Communist Manifesto and Other Writings]'' (Barnes & Noble, 2005) ISBN 1593081006, p. vi</ref> and specifically of Marxism. According to ex-Marxist<ref>Ray Sawhill, "[http://www.salon.com/books/int/1999/11/10/sowell Black and right]," Salon.com, November 10, 1999</ref> economist Thomas Sowell, winner of the National Endowment for the Humanities' National Humanities Medal:<ref>"[http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/2003-03/medalists.html#sowell Thomas Sowell: Economics and Society], Making a Difference: The National Humanities Medalists, National Endowment for the Humanities</ref>

{{cquote|[T]he Marxian contribution to economics can be readily summarized as virtually zero. Professional economics as it exists today reflects no indication that Karl Marx ever existed... [T]he development of modern economics has simply ignored Marx. Even economists who are Marxists typically utilize a set of analytical tools to which Marx contributed nothing... In professional economics, ''Capital'' was a detour into a blind alley...<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TVkVAAAAIAAJ Marxism: Philosophy and Economics]'' (Taylor & Francis, 1985) ISBN 0043201717, p. 217.</ref>

{{cquote|[T]he Marxian contribution to economics can be readily summarized as virtually zero. Professional economics as it exists today reflects no indication that Karl Marx ever existed... [T]he development of modern economics has simply ignored Marx. Even economists who are Marxists typically utilize a set of analytical tools to which Marx contributed nothing... In professional economics, ''Capital'' was a detour into a blind alley...<ref>Thomas Sowell, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=TVkVAAAAIAAJ Marxism: Philosophy and Economics]'' (Taylor & Francis, 1985) ISBN 0043201717, p. 217.</ref>}}

 

Don Ross, co-editor of ''[http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_philosophy/9780195189254/toc.html The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics]'', agrees that "the Marxist system as a whole is not regarded as economics by the mainstream."<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> William Coleman of the Australian National University actually identifies Marx as an "anti-economist."<ref>William Coleman, ''Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-Economics'' [London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002] 1403941483, p. 234. Ross concurs, labeling Marx "the most influential anti-economist of all." ''Ibid.''</ref> Nevertheless, Marxists with little understanding of economics wasted most of the 20th century in vain attempts to implement Marx's ideas&mdash;in the process killing more people than all the century's wars combined.<ref>R.J. Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/what-only-35000000-killed-in-20th-century-war/ What? Only 35,000,000 Killed in 20th Century War?], Democratic Peace Blog, November 30, 2008. Mid-range academic estimates of the number of civilians murdered by Marxists range from 94 million (Stéphane Courtois, ed. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]'' [Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 0-674-07608-7, p. 4) to 148 million (R.J. Rummel [Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii], "Stalin Exceeded Hitler in Monstrous Evil; Mao Beat Out Stalin", ''Hawaii Reporter'', December 1, 2005. Cf. R.J.Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/24/reevaluating-chinas-democide-to-73000000/ Reevaluating China’s Democide to 73,000,000], Democratic Peace Blog, October 10, 2005; R.J. Rummel, [http://www.ciolek.com/SPEC/rummel-on-democide-2005.html Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China], Asia Pacific Research Online, November 29, 2005 [T. Matthew Ciolek, ed., Head, Internet Publications Bureau, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, National Institute for Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University]; Chris Banescu with Scott Manning, [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/blog/2010/03/09/the-communist-holocaust/ Communist Holocaust: 100+ million dead, hundreds of millions more tortured, imprisoned, and enslaved], OrthodoxNet.com Blog, March 9, 2010</ref>

Don Ross, co-editor of ''[http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/oso/public/content/oho_philosophy/9780195189254/toc.html The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Economics]'', agrees that "the Marxist system as a whole is not regarded as economics by the mainstream."<ref>Don Ross, "[http://uct.academia.edu/documents/0095/6341/Economics__anti-economics_and_ideology.pdf Economic theory, anti-economics, and political ideology]," p. 10</ref> William Coleman of the Australian National University actually identifies Marx as an "anti-economist."<ref>William Coleman, ''Economics and its Enemies: Two Centuries of Anti-Economics'' [London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002] 1403941483, p. 234. Ross concurs, labeling Marx "the most influential anti-economist of all." ''Ibid.''</ref>}}

Nevertheless, Marxists with little understanding of economics wasted most of the 20th century in vain attempts to implement Marx's ideas&mdash;in the process killing more people than all the century's wars combined.<ref>R.J. Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/30/what-only-35000000-killed-in-20th-century-war/ What? Only 35,000,000 Killed in 20th Century War?], Democratic Peace Blog, November 30, 2008. Mid-range academic estimates of the number of civilians murdered by Marxists range from 94 million (Stéphane Courtois, ed. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression]'' [Harvard University Press, 1999] ISBN 0-674-07608-7, p. 4) to 148 million (R.J. Rummel [Department of Political Science, University of Hawaii], "Stalin Exceeded Hitler in Monstrous Evil; Mao Beat Out Stalin", ''Hawaii Reporter'', December 1, 2005. Cf. R.J.Rummel, [http://democraticpeace.wordpress.com/2008/11/24/reevaluating-chinas-democide-to-73000000/ Reevaluating China’s Democide to 73,000,000], Democratic Peace Blog, October 10, 2005; R.J. Rummel, [http://www.ciolek.com/SPEC/rummel-on-democide-2005.html Reevaluated democide totals for 20th C. and China], Asia Pacific Research Online, November 29, 2005 [T. Matthew Ciolek, ed., Head, Internet Publications Bureau, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, National Institute for Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University]; Chris Banescu with Scott Manning, [http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/blog/2010/03/09/the-communist-holocaust/ Communist Holocaust: 100+ million dead, hundreds of millions more tortured, imprisoned, and enslaved], OrthodoxNet.com Blog, March 9, 2010</ref>

==Early life==

==Early life==