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So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52</ref> Marx was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery, "who considered Jews worshippers of mammon, the very soul of the corrupt capitalism he fought."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Thus Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52</ref> Marx was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery, "who considered Jews worshippers of mammon, the very soul of the corrupt capitalism he fought."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Thus Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

Marx's essay “On the Jewish Question” has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda,” according to Lewis.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Coleman identifies Marx's essay as "perhaps, the most condensed identification of Jews with self-interest."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref> In it, Marx exploits the “widespread antisemitic caricature of Jews as inveterate moneylenders and hucksters along with the use of the term ''Judentum'' [Jewishness, Judaism] as a metaphor for commerce,” writes Larry Ray, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the Radical Critique of Difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> In Marx's view, Jews are responsible for capitalism.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Marx exploits the stereotype of Jews “linked in the popular imagination with usury, sharp dealing, and ruthless cunning” to incite hatred of capitalism, writes Stephen J. Greenblatt, Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University. Marx's essay involves “a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background,” as well as “extreme [rhetorical] violence” and “utter separation of himself from the people he excoriates.... “

Marx's essay “On the Jewish Question” has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda,” according to Lewis.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Coleman identifies Marx's essay as "perhaps, the most condensed identification of Jews with self-interest."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref> In it, Marx exploits the “widespread antisemitic caricature of Jews as inveterate moneylenders and hucksters along with the use of the term ''Judentum'' [Jewishness, Judaism] as a metaphor for commerce,” writes Larry Ray, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the Radical Critique of Difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> In Marx's view, Jews are responsible for capitalism.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Marx exploits the stereotype of Jews “linked in the popular imagination with usury, sharp dealing, and ruthless cunning” to incite hatred of capitalism, writes Stephen J. Greenblatt, Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University. Marx's essay involves “a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background,” as well as “extreme [rhetorical] violence” and “utter separation of himself from the people he excoriates.... “

{{cquote|[T]he tone of the attack on the Jews rises to an almost ecstatic disgust at the moment when Marx seems to be locating the Jews most clearly as a product of bourgeois culture; it is as if Marx were eager to prove that he is in no way excusing or forgiving the Jews.<ref>Stephen J. Greenblatt, "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1343013 Marlowe, Marx, and Anti-Semitism]," ''Critical Inquiry'', Volume 5, Number 2 (Winter 1978), pp. 291-307</ref>}}

{{cquote|[T]he tone of the attack on the Jews rises to an almost ecstatic disgust at the moment when Marx seems to be locating the Jews most clearly as a product of bourgeois culture; it is as if Marx were eager to prove that he is in no way excusing or forgiving the Jews.<ref>Stephen J. Greenblatt, "[http://www.jstor.org/pss/1343013 Marlowe, Marx, and Anti-Semitism]," ''Critical Inquiry'', Volume 5, Number 2 (Winter 1978), pp. 291-307</ref>}}