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“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment," writes Shlomo Sharan, Professor Emeritus in Educational and Organizational Psychology at the School of Education, Tel Aviv University, "in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> "It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> The socialism of Fourier,<ref>Fourier called Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers.” Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Proudhon,<ref>Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race.” Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> Bakunin<ref>Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite.” Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> and Beatrice Webb<ref>Webb wrote that “strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.) Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888), p. 176</ref> was inseperable from this crude and vicious anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism.,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956) , pp.378-379</ref>

“The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment," writes Shlomo Sharan, Professor Emeritus in Educational and Organizational Psychology at the School of Education, Tel Aviv University, "in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> "It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist  writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> The socialism of Fourier,<ref>Fourier called Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers.” Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 111</ref> Proudhon,<ref>Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race.” Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62</ref> Bakunin<ref>Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite.” Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> and Beatrice Webb<ref>Webb wrote that “strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.) Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888), p. 176</ref> was inseperable from this crude and vicious anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism.,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956) , pp.378-379</ref>

So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52</ref> Marx was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery, "who considered Jews worshippers of mammon, the very soul of the corrupt capitalism he fought."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Thus Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref>

So current were such ideas in socialist circles that they influenced even Jews, “or to be precise, ex-Jews, in the socialist ranks,” according to Bernard Lewis, Professor Emeritus of Near Eastern Studies at Princeton University. “The outstanding example of this is of course Karl Marx.”<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112. Cf. Edmund Silberner, "Was Marx an Anti-Semite?" ''Historica Judaica'', April 1949, p. 52</ref> Marx was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery, "who considered Jews worshippers of mammon, the very soul of the corrupt capitalism he fought."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Thus Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, calls Marx “a self-hating Jew,”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> while Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew.”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> Marx, a descendant of rabbis on both sides of his family, apparently studied Greek and French, but not Hebrew.<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/misc/1835-mat.htm Certificate of Maturity for Pupil of the Gymnasium in Trier], Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume01/index.htm Vol. I] (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 643</ref>

Marx's essay “On the Jewish Question” has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda,” according to Lewis.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Coleman identifies Marx's essay as "perhaps, the most condensed identification of Jews with self-interest."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref> In it, Marx exploits the “widespread antisemitic caricature of Jews as inveterate moneylenders and hucksters along with the use of the term ''Judentum'' [Jewishness, Judaism] as a metaphor for commerce,” writes Larry Ray, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the Radical Critique of Difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> In Marx's view, Jews are responsible for capitalism.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Marx exploits the stereotype of Jews “linked in the popular imagination with usury, sharp dealing, and ruthless cunning” to incite hatred of capitalism, writes Stephen J. Greenblatt, Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University. Marx's essay involves “a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background,” as well as “extreme [rhetorical] violence” and “utter separation of himself from the people he excoriates.... “

Marx's essay “On the Jewish Question” has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda,” according to Lewis.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Coleman identifies Marx's essay as "perhaps, the most condensed identification of Jews with self-interest."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref> In it, Marx exploits the “widespread antisemitic caricature of Jews as inveterate moneylenders and hucksters along with the use of the term ''Judentum'' [Jewishness, Judaism] as a metaphor for commerce,” writes Larry Ray, Professor of Sociology at the University of Kent.<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the Radical Critique of Difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> In Marx's view, Jews are responsible for capitalism.<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Marx exploits the stereotype of Jews “linked in the popular imagination with usury, sharp dealing, and ruthless cunning” to incite hatred of capitalism, writes Stephen J. Greenblatt, Professor of English and American Literature and Language at Harvard University. Marx's essay involves “a sharp, even hysterical, denial of his religious background,” as well as “extreme [rhetorical] violence” and “utter separation of himself from the people he excoriates.... “