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The concept of "[[Motives_for_spying#Motivations|MICE]]" was originated by American counterintelligence in an effort to understand what motivates a person to be willing to betray their own country.  It can be regarded as one of America's contributions to the art and science of the business, now that both intelligence and counterintelligence agencies worldwide rely upon this simple [[mnemonic]], to spot potential recruits or identify potential agents in the service of a foreign organization.  The concept is simple: it is either [[Money]], [[Ideology]], [[Coercion]], or Excitement, that causes a person to be willing to betray their friends and neighbours, or their whole country, and go into the service of a foreign espionage organization.  Sometimes "intrigue" is substituted for ideology, or "[[ego]]" for excitment, but the end result is the same.  It is claimed that no one has produced a better summary of traitors' motivations.

The concept of "[[Motives_for_spying#Motivations|MICE]]" was originated by American counterintelligence in an effort to understand what motivates a person to be willing to betray their own country.  It can be regarded as one of America's contributions to the art and science of the business, now that both intelligence and counterintelligence agencies worldwide rely upon this simple [[mnemonic]], to spot potential recruits or identify potential agents in the service of a foreign organization.  The concept is simple: it is either [[Money]], [[Ideology]], [[Coercion]], or Excitement, that causes a person to be willing to betray their friends and neighbours, or their whole country, and go into the service of a foreign espionage organization.  Sometimes "intrigue" is substituted for ideology, or "[[ego]]" for excitment, but the end result is the same.  It is claimed that no one has produced a better summary of traitors' motivations.

Individuals who are motivated to betray their country for money, out of greed, tend to be persons who feel life has cheated them out of their just rewards, so they have no qualms about being fairly compensated, in their own eyes, for their worth.  At the same they can get back at the society which has misunderstood and not appreciated their talents. When [[Aldrich Ames]] bought an $80,000 Jaguar, there was not the slightest pretense of hiding the fruit of his labors.

Individuals who are motivated to betray their country for money, out of greed, tend to be persons who feel life has cheated them out of their just rewards, so they have no qualms about being fairly compensated, in their own eyes, for their worth.  At the same they can get back at the society which has misunderstood and not appreciated their talents. When [[Aldrich Ames]] bought an $80,000 Jaguar, there was not the slightest pretence of hiding the fruit of his labors.

Ideology, however is the opposite end of the spectrum.  People with this motivation are deeply committed to a system of beliefs that they perceive sustains them, their families, communities, and their friends.  Such people will risk their lives for no payment, service to the cause being their reward.  Both [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] were "patsies", or fall guys, for a much larger conspiracy, most of whom walked away unscathed.  But the Rosenbergs were ''willing patsies'', martyrs to a cause for which Julius was willing to see his own wife executed rather than implicate others, and Ethel was willing to orphan her own children, in service to the cause.  As to intrigue, [[Kim Philby]] rose to the number two spot in [[MI6|British intelligence]] and was poised to become head, and assisted the United States to establish a peacetime espionage organization, but in doing so compromised the [[CIA]] from its founding.  He originally was recruited into Soviet intelligence to spy on his father, [[St. John Philby]].

Ideology, however is the opposite end of the spectrum.  People with this motivation are deeply committed to a system of beliefs that they perceive sustains them, their families, communities, and their friends.  Such people will risk their lives for no payment, service to the cause being their reward.  Both [[Julius and Ethel Rosenberg]] were "patsies", or fall guys, for a much larger conspiracy, most of whom walked away unscathed.  But the Rosenbergs were ''willing patsies'', martyrs to a cause for which Julius was willing to see his own wife executed rather than implicate others, and Ethel was willing to orphan her own children, in service to the cause.  As to intrigue, [[Kim Philby]] rose to the number two spot in [[MI6|British intelligence]] and was poised to become head, and assisted the United States to establish a peacetime espionage organization, but in doing so compromised the [[CIA]] from its founding.  He originally was recruited into Soviet intelligence to spy on his father, [[St. John Philby]].

Coercion can be used against an unwilling participant, [[homosexuality]]-related blackmail and [[bribery]] being two of the most common forms.  The classic example of homosexuality is [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]] who was compromised by [[Guy Burgess]].  As to bribery, once a government official takes a bribe, he is forever in the possession of those who paid him.  He must continue taking money, whether he wants to or not, for fear of exposure.  Coercion can also be used against a loved one, in forms ranging from fear of exposure to violence and even murder.

Coercion can be used against an unwilling participant, [[homosexuality]]-related blackmail and [[bribery]] being two of the most common forms.  The classic example of homosexuality is [[Donald Duart Maclean|Donald Maclean]] who was compromised by [[Guy Burgess]].  As to bribery, once a government official takes a bribe, he is forever in the possession of those who paid him.  He must continue taking money, whether he wants to or not, for fear of exposure.  Coercion can also be used against a loved one, in forms ranging from fear of exposure to violence and even murder.

[[Elizabeth Bentley]] is perhaps the classic study of excitement being the motivating factor. Bentley began her espionage career with a facist organization, but quickly joined a communist entity, so ideology does not seem to apparent.  Bentley then became the lover of a high-level CPUSA underground operative who had been a [[chekist]].  When he died and Bentley took over his operations, her personal loss was had a huge impact on her work.  Excitement, romance, and sex was why she ever got involved originially. And when she lost those things, she defected back to her home country.

[[Elizabeth Bentley]] is perhaps the classic study of excitement being the motivating factor. Bentley began her espionage career with a fascist organization, but quickly joined a communist entity, so ideology does not seem to apparent.  Bentley then became the lover of a high-level CPUSA underground operative who had been a [[chekist]].  When he died and Bentley took over his operations, her personal loss was had a huge impact on her work.  Excitement, romance, and sex was why she ever got involved originally. And when she lost those things, she defected back to her home country.

==Intelligence==

==Intelligence==