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'''Hindkowans''' ([[Hindko language|Hindko]]: {{Nastaliq|هِندکوان}} <small>([[Shahmukhi]])</small>, हिन्दकोवान <small>([[Devanagari]])</small>, ਹਿੰਦਕੋਵਾਨ <small>([[Gurmukhi]])</small>) or known locally as "Chachi's" are an [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic group native to [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]] province of provinces of [[Pakistan]] and the [[Punjab region]] of Pakistan and [[India]]. However, an indeterminate number have left the region and now live in other parts of [[South Asia]],<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India">{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref> such as the Indian state of [[Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref name="Joshua Project-Hindko"/>
Hindkowans speak [[Hindko]], a [[Western_Punjabi#The_.22Lahnda.22_construct|Lahnda]] language that is primary in northern [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Lahnda">{{cite web|url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/KRO_LAP/LAHNDA_properly_Lahnda_or_Lahin.html| title = LAHNDA |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> In Afghanistan, a group of Hindus still continue to speak Hindko and are referred to as [[Hindki]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PAS_PER/HINDKI.html| title = Hindki|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue-Hindko">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hno| title = Ethnologue Report for Hindko|publisher = Ethnologue|accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref>
== Religion ==
Hindkowans, like other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] originally practiced [[Hinduism]]; for this reason, the term "Hindko" itself is defined as the "language of the Hindus."<ref name="Bhasha-e-Hanud">{{cite web|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=OvYtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=hindko+hindu&cd=6#v=onepage&q=hindko%20hindu&f=false|quote= Lahnda is also spoken in the north of the state of Bahawalpur and of the province of Sind, in which latter locality it is known as Siraiki. Its western boundary is, roughly speaking, the river Indus, across which the language of the Afghan population is Pashto (Pushtu), while the Hindu settlers still speak Landha. In the Derajat, however, Lahnda, is the principal language of all classes in the plains west of the river. Lahnda is also known as Western Panjabi and as Jatki, or the language of the Jats, who form the bulk of the population whose mother tongue it is. In the Derajat it is called Hindko or the language of the Hindus.| title = The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 16|publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica Company|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> As such, there are a number of [[Hindu]] Hindkowans.<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Balochistan]].<ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Fredrik Barth">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=K3pCAAAAYAAJ&q=kalat+hindko+hindu&dq=kalat+hindko+hindu&cd=1|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = The social organization of the Marri Baluch|publisher = Indus Publications |accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Fredrik Barth">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yuyZAAAAIAAJ&q=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&dq=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&cd=6|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43|publisher = Viking Fund|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to [[India]] from their native region of [[Sarhad]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India">{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref> During the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], which took place from the 12th century A.D. onwards, many of the Hindkowans converted to [[Islam]]. Today, most of the Hindkowan population is [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]].<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hnd|title = Hindko, Southern|publisher = [[SIL International]]|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Later, with the [[Sikhism#Growth_of_the_Sikh_community|spread of Sikhism]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] beginning in the eighteenth century A.D., some Hindkowans, both Hindu & Muslim, became [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Like the Hindus, many Sikh Hindkowans migrated to Hindustan after the partition of India in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India">{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref>
==Notable Hindkowans ==
* [[Pran Sikhand]], ''[[Padma Bhushan]]'', a multiple [[Filmfare Awards|filmfare awards]] and BFJA award winning Indian Bollywood actor<ref name="The Hindi-Sikhand">{{cite web|url = http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/09/stories/2005010900450400.htm| title = Heroic villain: An informative and entertaining biography of a daredevil Pathan.|publisher = The Hindu|accessdate = 2007-02-23}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Kumar]], ''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'', an [[India]]n film actor in [[Bollywood]] and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>[http://www.thefrontierpost.com/News.aspx?ncat=cn&nid=1&ad=12-12-2006 The Frontier Post: Hindko journal issue on Dilip brought out]</ref><ref>[http://www.bitethemango.org.uk/2004/whatson_dilip.asp Bite the Mango Film Festival '04: Dilip Kumar - Pure Gold]</ref><ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/people/dilipkumar.html Upperstall: Dilip Kumar]</ref>
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
Hindkowans speak [[Hindko]], a [[Western_Punjabi#The_.22Lahnda.22_construct|Lahnda]] language that is primary in northern [[Punjab region|Punjab]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica-Lahnda">{{cite web|url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/KRO_LAP/LAHNDA_properly_Lahnda_or_Lahin.html| title = LAHNDA |publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> In Afghanistan, a group of Hindus still continue to speak Hindko and are referred to as [[Hindki]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url = http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/PAS_PER/HINDKI.html| title = Hindki|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref><ref name="Ethnologue-Hindko">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hno| title = Ethnologue Report for Hindko|publisher = Ethnologue|accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref>
== Religion ==
Hindkowans, like other [[Indo-Aryan peoples]] originally practiced [[Hinduism]]; for this reason, the term "Hindko" itself is defined as the "language of the Hindus."<ref name="Bhasha-e-Hanud">{{cite web|url =http://books.google.com/books?id=OvYtAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80&dq=hindko+hindu&cd=6#v=onepage&q=hindko%20hindu&f=false|quote= Lahnda is also spoken in the north of the state of Bahawalpur and of the province of Sind, in which latter locality it is known as Siraiki. Its western boundary is, roughly speaking, the river Indus, across which the language of the Afghan population is Pashto (Pushtu), while the Hindu settlers still speak Landha. In the Derajat, however, Lahnda, is the principal language of all classes in the plains west of the river. Lahnda is also known as Western Panjabi and as Jatki, or the language of the Jats, who form the bulk of the population whose mother tongue it is. In the Derajat it is called Hindko or the language of the Hindus.| title = The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information, Volume 16|publisher = The Encyclopædia Britannica Company|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> As such, there are a number of [[Hindu]] Hindkowans.<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Some of these Hindu Hindkowans are traders and over time, have settled in areas as far as [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]], [[Balochistan]].<ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Fredrik Barth">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=K3pCAAAAYAAJ&q=kalat+hindko+hindu&dq=kalat+hindko+hindu&cd=1|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = The social organization of the Marri Baluch|publisher = Indus Publications |accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Robert Niel Pehrson, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research, Fredrik Barth">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yuyZAAAAIAAJ&q=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&dq=kalat+hindu+merchants+marri&cd=6|quote= ...is in the hands of a small caste of Hindu merchants. These Hindus are Hindko-speaking and regard Kalat as their homeland, where they generally keep their families and go for some months every year to visit and to obtain supplies. While in the Marri area, they must be under the protection of a local Marri chief or the sardar himself.| title = Viking fund publications in anthropology, Issue 43|publisher = Viking Fund|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Other Hindu Hindkowans migrated to [[India]] from their native region of [[Sarhad]] after the [[partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India">{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref> During the [[Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent]], which took place from the 12th century A.D. onwards, many of the Hindkowans converted to [[Islam]]. Today, most of the Hindkowan population is [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]].<ref name="Ethnologue">{{cite web|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hnd|title = Hindko, Southern|publisher = [[SIL International]]|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Later, with the [[Sikhism#Growth_of_the_Sikh_community|spread of Sikhism]] and the rise of the [[Sikh Empire]] beginning in the eighteenth century A.D., some Hindkowans, both Hindu & Muslim, became [[Sikhs]].<ref name="Ujjal Singh Bahri">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=_yliAAAAMAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=6|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.| title = Papers in language and linguistics, Volume 1|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Language forum, Volume 9">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=ezw4AAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=4|quote= Essentially, what has occurred is an occupation by Pashto-speaking Pathans of key areas in the urban economy of the province which before 1947 were traditionally exercised by Hindko- speaking Hindus and Sikhs.|title = Language forum, Volume 9|publisher = Bahri Publications|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="M. Geijbels, Jonathan S. Addleton">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=MskbAAAAIAAJ&q=hindko+hindus&dq=hindko+hindus&cd=9|quote= to Hindko is the most significant linguistic minority in the NWFP, ... to an influx of Pashtuns replacing the Hindko-speaking Sikhs and Hindus who ...| title = The rise and development of Urdu and the importance of regional languages in Pakistan|publisher = Christian Study Centre|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="O. Harrassowitz">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=naMUAQAAIAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=4|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Journal of Asian history, Volumes 35-36|publisher = O. Harrassowitz|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref><ref name="Tariq Rahman">{{cite web|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kjZiAAAAMAAJ&q=sikh+hindko&dq=sikh+hindko&cd=10|quote= The real opposition to Pashto came, however, from the speakers of Hindko. A large number of Sikhs and Hindus, all speaking Hindko, lived in the cities of N.W.F.P. and had a voice in the legislative assembly, this was often perceived as the non-Muslim opposition to Pashto.|title=Language, ideology and power: language learning among the Muslims of Pakistan and North India|publisher = Oxford University Press|accessdate = 2008-08-17}}</ref> Like the Hindus, many Sikh Hindkowans migrated to Hindustan after the partition of India in 1947.<ref name="Daily Times-Hindu Hindkowans at Partition of India">{{cite web|url = http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_29-12-2003_pg7_25| title = Peshawarites still remember the Kapoor family|publisher = Daily Times |accessdate = 2007-09-14}}</ref>
==Notable Hindkowans ==
* [[Pran Sikhand]], ''[[Padma Bhushan]]'', a multiple [[Filmfare Awards|filmfare awards]] and BFJA award winning Indian Bollywood actor<ref name="The Hindi-Sikhand">{{cite web|url = http://www.hindu.com/mag/2005/01/09/stories/2005010900450400.htm| title = Heroic villain: An informative and entertaining biography of a daredevil Pathan.|publisher = The Hindu|accessdate = 2007-02-23}}</ref>
* [[Dilip Kumar]], ''[[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]'', an [[India]]n film actor in [[Bollywood]] and a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]]<ref>[http://www.thefrontierpost.com/News.aspx?ncat=cn&nid=1&ad=12-12-2006 The Frontier Post: Hindko journal issue on Dilip brought out]</ref><ref>[http://www.bitethemango.org.uk/2004/whatson_dilip.asp Bite the Mango Film Festival '04: Dilip Kumar - Pure Gold]</ref><ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/people/dilipkumar.html Upperstall: Dilip Kumar]</ref>
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]