Changes

Test results can also be influenced by other factors:

Test results can also be influenced by other factors:

*Steele and Joshua Aronson found that when they gave a group of Stanford undergraduates a standardized test and told them that it was a measure of their intellectual ability, the white students did much better than their black counterparts. But when the same test was presented simply as an abstract laboratory tool, with no relevance to ability, the scores of blacks and whites were virtually identical.<ref>[http://www.gladwell.com/2000/2000_08_21_a_choking.htm]</ref>

*Steele and Joshua Aronson found that when they gave a group of Stanford undergraduates a standardized test and told them that it was a measure of their intellectual ability, the white students did much better than their black counterparts. But when the same test was presented simply as an abstract laboratory tool, with no relevance to ability, the scores of blacks and whites were virtually identical.<ref>[http://www.gladwell.com/2000/2000_08_21_a_choking.htm]</ref> See [[Pressure and failure]].

==Liberal bias==

==Liberal bias==