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Another example is the well-proven theory that cigarettes cause [[lung cancer]].  An '''counterexample''' of the (rare) individual who might smoke his entire life and not develop lung cancer.  The counterexample does not disprove the theory.   

Another example is the well-proven theory that cigarettes cause [[lung cancer]].  An '''counterexample''' of the (rare) individual who might smoke his entire life and not develop lung cancer.  The counterexample does not disprove the theory.   

A theory of universality, such as the claim that ''all'' species [[theory of evolution|evolved]], can be disproved by just one '''counterexample''', such as a species (like the [[whale]]) that lacks a plausible evolutionary path.  See [[Counterexamples to Evolution]].

A theory of universality, such as the claim that ''all'' species [[theory of evolution|evolved]], can be disproved by just one '''counterexample''', such as a species (like the [[whale]]) that lacks a plausible evolutionary path.  See [[Counterexamples to Evolution]], [[Counterexamples to Relativity]].

[[category:logic]]

[[category:logic]]