Changes

*Washing bedding and clothes in 140°F degree water and drying at high heat, especially the latter which can be used alone.  

*Washing bedding and clothes in 140°F degree water and drying at high heat, especially the latter which can be used alone.  

*Dusting with pesticides such as silica or diatomaceous earth.  

*Dusting with pesticides such as silica or diatomaceous earth.  

*Judicious use of effective chemical pesticides.  

*Judicious use of effective chemical pesticides, beginning with non-repellent types.  

===Insecticides===

===Insecticides===

Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.

Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.

====Natural  insecticides====

===Natural  insecticides===

Natural  insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration.  Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially  when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>

Natural  insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration.  Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially  when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>

====Resistance====

====Pesticides resistance====

Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.  

Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.  

90% higher temperatures than previously reported were required to kill bedbugs when the temperature rose slowly — possibly because of the way previous heat tests have been conducted — but it is not known what enables bedbugs to resist gradual heat stress.<ref>[http://www.propanecouncil.org/uploadedFiles/Council/Research_and_Development/REP_12221%20Efficacy%20of%20Heat%20on%20Bed%20Bugs.pdf Fundamental Research on the Efficacy of Heat on Bed Bugs and Heat Transfer in Mattresses''], TEMP-AIR, INC</ref>

90% higher temperatures than previously reported were required to kill bedbugs when the temperature rose slowly — possibly because of the way previous heat tests have been conducted — but it is not known what enables bedbugs to resist gradual heat stress.<ref>[http://www.propanecouncil.org/uploadedFiles/Council/Research_and_Development/REP_12221%20Efficacy%20of%20Heat%20on%20Bed%20Bugs.pdf Fundamental Research on the Efficacy of Heat on Bed Bugs and Heat Transfer in Mattresses''], TEMP-AIR, INC</ref>

===Vikane/sulfuryl fluoride===

===Fumigation/gases===

Another option suited but for entire structures is that of filling the structure with Vikane (sulfuryl fluoride) gas, a procedure which takes one day and is reported to kills all bed bug adults, nymphs and eggs, if done properly. The manufacturer states that  Vikane leaves no residue, and that it does not cause significant damage to human health or environment, but it can dangerous to humans if breathed. and this use of Vikane is not legal everywhere.<ref>http://bedbugger.com/2007/04/06/vikane-gas-fumigation/</ref><ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/dows-vikane-effective-eliminating-bed-bugs</ref>

Controlled atmospheres (either single or gas mixtures) are an historical method of eradication of bedbugs and other pests, the use of which offers their own challenges s well as superior effectiveness and residua effects versus that of chemical pesticides.  

===Sulfur dioxide)===

 

====Sulfur dioxide)====

Reports exist, clinical and anecdotal, of past use of  fumigation with sulfur dioxide (such as through the use of sulfur candle) showing that it was a highly effective method against bedbugs.<ref>http://thebedbugresource.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=623</ref> In the late 1930 to the mid 1940s it was used in the United Kingdom to fumigate entire homes, and it is reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study.<ref>Busvine J.R. 1964. Medical Entomology in Britain. Ann. of App. Biol. 53: 190-199</ref> However, it is dangerous to use, due the poisonous and suffocating vapors of the sulphur dioxide gas, while its chemical action on metals and coloring fabrics may leave undesirable effects.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CF4QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2218860%2Fpdf%2Fjapha00004-0001b.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNG9DYw3T_grq4d_oLBTX7x-Wi0yTA&sig2=IawKCwC3s8zx6H7WlD9T3A Journal of the American Public Health Association,[ p. 232, April, 1911</ref> Factors adversely affecting its effectiveness include the difficulty in  penetrating all haborages, the higher resistance of eggs to the fumigant, while starvation and cold enhances the resistance of all bedbugs.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/06/15/the-challenges-in-1941</ref> To be efficient it must burn rapidly,  and some studies report it is not always successful. More clinical studies are needed in order to ascertain its effectiveness and the best manner of treatment. <ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07481.x/abstract  H. C. Gough, ''The toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the bed-bug Cimex Lectularius L.'']</ref>

Reports exist, clinical and anecdotal, of past use of  fumigation with sulfur dioxide (such as through the use of sulfur candle) showing that it was a highly effective method against bedbugs.<ref>http://thebedbugresource.com/phpBB2/viewtopic.php?t=623</ref> In the late 1930 to the mid 1940s it was used in the United Kingdom to fumigate entire homes, and it is reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in one town under study.<ref>Busvine J.R. 1964. Medical Entomology in Britain. Ann. of App. Biol. 53: 190-199</ref> However, it is dangerous to use, due the poisonous and suffocating vapors of the sulphur dioxide gas, while its chemical action on metals and coloring fabrics may leave undesirable effects.<ref>[http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=9&ved=0CF4QFjAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2218860%2Fpdf%2Fjapha00004-0001b.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNG9DYw3T_grq4d_oLBTX7x-Wi0yTA&sig2=IawKCwC3s8zx6H7WlD9T3A Journal of the American Public Health Association,[ p. 232, April, 1911</ref> Factors adversely affecting its effectiveness include the difficulty in  penetrating all haborages, the higher resistance of eggs to the fumigant, while starvation and cold enhances the resistance of all bedbugs.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/06/15/the-challenges-in-1941</ref> To be efficient it must burn rapidly,  and some studies report it is not always successful. More clinical studies are needed in order to ascertain its effectiveness and the best manner of treatment. <ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1940.tb07481.x/abstract  H. C. Gough, ''The toxicity of sulphur dioxide to the bed-bug Cimex Lectularius L.'']</ref>

===Natural predators===

===Natural predators===