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=== Newtonian Gravitation ===
=== Newtonian Gravitation ===
In 1687, [[Sir Isaac Newton]] published his [[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|''Principia Mathematica'']], an exhaustive work that laid the foundation for what we know today as classical mechanics. In this work, Newton advanced his [[Law of Universal Gravitation|law of universal gravitation]]. Whereas Galileo described gravitation in terms of motion, Newton described it in terms of a [[Force|force]]. Gravitation itself went from the natural tendency of objects to fall to a vector [[Field theory|field theory]] in which the force between two objects was inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
In 1687, [[Sir Isaac Newton]] published his [[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica|''Principia Mathematica'']], an exhaustive work that laid the foundation for what we know today as classical mechanics. In this work, Newton advanced the [[Law of Universal Gravitation|law of universal gravitation]] that had been previously published by Hooke and others. Whereas Galileo described gravitation in terms of motion, Newton described it in terms of a [[Force|force]]. Gravitation itself went from the natural tendency of objects to fall to a vector [[Field theory|field theory]] in which the force between two objects was inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Newton's vector equation for gravitation states that each particle in the [[universe]] attracts another particle with a force directly [[proportion]]al to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the [[exponentiation|square]] of the distance between them<ref>Serway and Beichner, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Fifth Edition</ref>, or:
Newton's vector equation for gravitation states that each particle in the [[universe]] attracts another particle with a force directly [[proportion]]al to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the [[exponentiation|square]] of the distance between them<ref>Serway and Beichner, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, Fifth Edition</ref>, or: