Changes

Meanwhile, in another branch of government, the Supreme Court was expanding its power under Chief Justice [[John Marshall]].  Marshall was a Federalist appointed by President John Adams, and Marshall served as Chief Justice for an astounding 35 years.  Virtually every important decision rendered by his Court, starting with ''Marbury v. Madison'', expanded federal power.  There was no "check and balance" on Marshall's expansion in judicial power for many decades, until near the end of Marshall's career when President Andrew Jackson stood up to him and ignored Marshall's decision on an Indian issue.   

Meanwhile, in another branch of government, the Supreme Court was expanding its power under Chief Justice [[John Marshall]].  Marshall was a Federalist appointed by President John Adams, and Marshall served as Chief Justice for an astounding 35 years.  Virtually every important decision rendered by his Court, starting with ''Marbury v. Madison'', expanded federal power.  There was no "check and balance" on Marshall's expansion in judicial power for many decades, until near the end of Marshall's career when President Andrew Jackson stood up to him and ignored Marshall's decision on an Indian issue.   

The expansion in ''federal'' power by the "Marshall Court" from 1801 to 1835 included the following decisions (note on nomenclature: "''Smith v. Jones''" is the terminology used to describe a lawsuit filed, for example, by John Smith against Tom Jones):

The expansion in ''federal'' power by the "Marshall Court" from 1801 to 1835 included the following decisions (note on nomenclature: "''Smith v. Jones''" is the terminology used to describe legal papers filed, for example, by John Smith against Tom Jones):

*''Marbury v. Madison'' (1803): established the new power of judicial review to declare an Act of Congress unconstitutional.  

*''Marbury v. Madison'' (1803): established the new power of judicial review to declare an Act of Congress unconstitutional.  

*''Fletcher v. Peck'' (1810): established the new power to invalidate a state law as unconstitutional (it held that a Georgia law violated the [[Contract Clause]] in the U.S. Constitution)

*''Fletcher v. Peck'' (1810): established the new power to invalidate a state law as unconstitutional (it held that a Georgia law violated the [[Contract Clause]] in the U.S. Constitution)

*''Dartmouth College v. Woodward'' (1819): established that the Constitution prevents a state from altering the charter of a private corporation (Dartmouth College)

*''Dartmouth College v. Woodward'' (1819): established that the Constitution prevents a state from altering the charter of a private corporation (Dartmouth College)

*''McCullough v. Maryland'' (1819): established that states may not tax a federal bank, and also that a federal bank is authorized by the "necessary and proper" clause in the Constitution

*''McCullough v. Maryland'' (1819): established that States may not tax a federal bank, and also that a federal bank is authorized by the "necessary and proper" clause in the Constitution

*''Cohens v. Virginia'' (1821): established the supremacy of federal law, by allowing D.C. lottery tickets to be sold in all states except those prohibiting it

*''Cohens v. Virginia'' (1821): established the supremacy of federal law, by allowing D.C. lottery tickets to be sold in all states except those prohibiting it

*''Cherokee Nation v. Georgia'' (1831): holding that the Cherokees are not a nation and cannot sue in federal court, and thus Georgia can remove them

*''Cherokee Nation v. Georgia'' (1831): holding that the Cherokees are not a nation and cannot sue in federal court, and thus Georgia can remove them

When Marshall finally died in office after serving a record 35 years as Chief Justice, he was replaced by Roger Taney.  The Taney Court did not expand ''federal'' power as much, but it did expand government power at the state level.  For example, its decisions included:

When Marshall finally died in office after serving a record 35 years as Chief Justice, he was replaced by Roger Taney.  The Taney Court did not expand ''federal'' power as much, but it did expand government power at the State level.  For example, its decisions included:

*''Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge'' (1837): allowing Massachusetts to fund a free bridge for the public good, despite hurting a private toll bridge established under a prior state charter.  This destroyed private toll bridges and led to public financing of bridges and roads.

*''Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge'' (1837): allowing Massachusetts to fund a free bridge for the public good, despite hurting a private toll bridge established under a prior state charter.  This destroyed private toll bridges and led to public financing of bridges and roads.