Changes

==China==

==China==

In China the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900 marked one of the darkest episodes of anti-Christian violence until it was defeated by an international military invasion.  The Boxers began as an obscure, anti-Christian, anti-missionary, and anti-foreign peasant movement in northern China. The Empress Dowager Cixi was pleased when Boxers attacked foreigners who were building railroads, exploiting China's mineral wealth, dividing up the port trading concessions, and converting many peasants to an alien faith. In June the Boxers invaded the city and slaughtered many Chinese Christians and Westerners. The Chinese government was unable or unwilling to control the situation. Western civilians, military personnel, and Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter. For 55 days they survived with limited food and water. In August Western troops occupied the city by force of arms. The Empress Dowager grudgingly agreed to indemnify the Western governments and to make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms laid the foundation for the end of Manchu rule and the establishment of a modern nation.<ref> Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising," ''Asian Affairs'' 2000 31(1): 26-36</ref>

In China the [[Boxer Rebellion]] of 1900 marked one of the darkest episodes of anti-Christian violence until it was defeated by an international military invasion.  The Boxers began as an obscure, anti-Christian, anti-missionary, and anti-foreign peasant movement in northern China. The [[Empress Dowager Cixi]] was pleased when Boxers attacked foreigners who were building railroads, exploiting China's mineral wealth, dividing up the port trading concessions, and converting many peasants to an alien faith. In June the Boxers invaded the city and slaughtered many Chinese Christians and Westerners. The Chinese government was unable or unwilling to control the situation. Western civilians, military personnel, and Chinese Christians retreated to the legation quarter. For 55 days they survived with limited food and water. In August Western troops occupied the city by force of arms. The Empress Dowager grudgingly agreed to indemnify the Western governments and to make many additional concessions. Subsequent reforms laid the foundation for the end of Manchu rule and the establishment of a modern nation.<ref> Diana Preston, "The Boxer Rising," ''Asian Affairs'' 2000 31(1): 26-36</ref>

Christian missionaries expanded rapidly. The anti-Christian movement in China during 1922-27 was part of the anti-imperialism program of the Nationalist Party [[KMT]]. Attacking the weaker target of missionary institutions garnered the KMT popular support at a time when it was unable to take on the stronger economic targets of foreign enclaves. The attacks ended when a Christian, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] took control of the KMT and all of China. When [[Mao Zedong]] and the Communist came to power in 1949, they expelled or jailed most of the missionaries and tried to suppress or tightly control Christianity.<ref> Jessie Gregory Lutz, ''Chinese Politics and Christian Missions: The Anti-Christian Movements of 1920-28'' (1988)</ref>

Christian missionaries expanded rapidly. The anti-Christian movement in China during 1922-27 was part of the anti-imperialism program of the Nationalist Party [[KMT]]. Attacking the weaker target of missionary institutions garnered the KMT popular support at a time when it was unable to take on the stronger economic targets of foreign enclaves. The attacks ended when a Christian, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] took control of the KMT and all of China. When [[Mao Zedong]] and the Communist came to power in 1949, they expelled or jailed most of the missionaries and tried to suppress or tightly control Christianity.<ref> Jessie Gregory Lutz, ''Chinese Politics and Christian Missions: The Anti-Christian Movements of 1920-28'' (1988)</ref>