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Another embarrassing bit of history during this period was corruption in the government of New York City, where the "Tammany Hall" of the Democratic Party ruled from 1805 to 1871.  It was finally broken up when its leader "Boss Tweed" was imprisoned for taking tens of millions of dollars from the city and his opponents won the election in November 1871.  His famous quote when caught stealing was, "What are you going to do about it?"

Another embarrassing bit of history during this period was corruption in the government of New York City, where the "Tammany Hall" of the Democratic Party ruled from 1805 to 1871.  It was finally broken up when its leader "Boss Tweed" was imprisoned for taking tens of millions of dollars from the city and his opponents won the election in November 1871.  His famous quote when caught stealing was, "What are you going to do about it?"

In the New York City elections of 1868, Tammany Hall worked to steal the outcome by giving this advice:<ref>A. Callow, The Tweed Ring 210 (1966) (quoting M. Werner, Tammany Hall 439 (1928)).</ref>

In the New York City elections of 1868, Tammany Hall had worked to steal the outcome by giving this advice:<ref>A. Callow, The Tweed Ring 210 (1966) (quoting M. Werner, Tammany Hall 439 (1928)).</ref>

:"'When you've voted 'em with their whiskers on, you take 'em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote 'em again with the side lilacs and a mustache. Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote 'em a third time with the mustache. If that ain't enough and the box can stand a few more ballots, clean off the mustache and vote 'em plain face. That makes every one of 'em good for four votes.'"

{{cquote|'When you've voted 'em with their whiskers on, you take 'em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote 'em again with the side lilacs and a mustache. Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote 'em a third time with the mustache. If that ain't enough and the box can stand a few more ballots, clean off the mustache and vote 'em plain face. That makes every one of 'em good for four votes.'}}

When Boss Tweed was eventually arrested, [[robber baron]] Jay Gould posted a multi-million dollar bail for him.  A decade later, in 1886, Tammany Hall regained power, and ran New York City politics until 1932, when Fiorello La Guardia was elected.  La Guardia airport is named after him.

When Boss Tweed was eventually arrested, [[robber baron]] Jay Gould posted a multi-million dollar bail for him.  A decade later, in 1886, Tammany Hall regained power, and ran New York City politics until 1932, when Fiorello La Guardia was elected.  La Guardia airport is named after him.

Offsetting all that bad news was some good news from the late 1800s.  Baseball developed as a uniquely American sport during the Civil War, as soldiers found a way to pass the time between battles.  After the war, informal leagues began to develop.  The first professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings (now the "Reds"), formed in 1869.  Then, the same year as the massacre of Custer's men in Little Big Horn, 1876, the National League was founded.  The American League did not arise until 1903.

Offsetting all that bad news was some good news from the late 1800s.  Baseball developed as a uniquely American sport during the Civil War, as soldiers found a way to pass the time between battles.  After the war, informal leagues began to develop.  The first professional team was the Cincinnati Red Stockings (now the "Reds"), formed in 1869.  Then, the same year as the massacre of Custer's men in Little Big Horn, 1876, the National League was founded.  The American League -- the league for the New York Yankees -- did not arise until 1903.

== Grant Administration ==

== Grant Administration ==