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In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which granted 160 acres to anyone who farmed land for 5 years.  This encouraged people to migrate westward.  Also in 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which provided taxpayer subsidies and land in order to build a transcontinental railroad to connect the East Coast with the West Coast.  This railroad was completed in Utah in 1869 and facilitated more of a ''national'' economy.

In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act, which granted 160 acres to anyone who farmed land for 5 years.  This encouraged people to migrate westward.  Also in 1862, Congress passed the Pacific Railway Act, which provided taxpayer subsidies and land in order to build a transcontinental railroad to connect the East Coast with the West Coast.  This railroad was completed in Utah in 1869 and facilitated more of a ''national'' economy.

There was one more significant piece of legislation enacted in 1862:  the Morrill Land Grant Act, which established agricultural colleges, It gave each state 30,000 acres times the state's number of congressmen.

There was one more significant piece of legislation enacted in 1862:  the Morrill Land Grant Act, which established agricultural colleges. It gave each state 30,000 acres times the state's number of congressmen.

Immigration was controversial in the 1860s.  Specifically, Chinese immigration into California caused many union laborers to object, because the Chinese would work more industriously and for less pay than union workers.  The Burlingame Treaty was signed between the United States and China in 1868, and it permitted unrestricted immigration by Chinese to the U.S.  The Chinese immigrants were the only ones who could complete the building of the railroad over the treacherous Sierra-Nevada mountain range, which finally enabled linking the West Coast to the East Coast by railroad.  Afterward, factory owners as far away as Massachusetts would transport Chinese immigrants from California in order to break a strike by union workers (in other words, replace the local striking workers with the transported Chinese immigrants).

Immigration was controversial in the 1860s.  Specifically, Chinese immigration into California caused many union laborers to object, because the Chinese would work more industriously and for less pay than union workers.  The Burlingame Treaty was signed between the United States and China in 1868, and it permitted unrestricted immigration by Chinese to the U.S.  The Chinese immigrants were the only ones who could complete the building of the railroad over the treacherous Sierra-Nevada mountain range, which finally enabled linking the West Coast to the East Coast by railroad.  Afterward, factory owners as far away as Massachusetts would transport Chinese immigrants from California in order to break a strike by union workers (in other words, replace the local striking workers with the transported Chinese immigrants).

In the New York City elections of 1868, Tammany Hall had worked to steal the outcome by giving this advice:<ref>A. Callow, The Tweed Ring 210 (1966) (quoting M. Werner, Tammany Hall 439 (1928)).</ref>

In the New York City elections of 1868, Tammany Hall had worked to steal the outcome by giving this advice:<ref>A. Callow, The Tweed Ring 210 (1966) (quoting M. Werner, Tammany Hall 439 (1928)).</ref>

{{cquote|'When you've voted 'em with their whiskers on, you take 'em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote 'em again with the side lilacs and a mustache. Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote 'em a third time with the mustache. If that ain't enough and the box can stand a few more ballots, clean off the mustache and vote 'em plain face. That makes every one of 'em good for four votes.'}}

{{cquote|When you've voted 'em with their whiskers on, you take 'em to a barber and scrape off the chin fringe. Then you vote 'em again with the side lilacs and a mustache. Then to a barber again, off comes the sides and you vote 'em a third time with the mustache. If that ain't enough and the box can stand a few more ballots, clean off the mustache and vote 'em plain face. That makes every one of 'em good for four votes.}}

When Boss Tweed was eventually arrested, [[robber baron]] Jay Gould posted a multi-million dollar bail for him.  A decade later, in 1886, Tammany Hall regained power, and ran New York City politics until 1932, when Fiorello La Guardia was elected.  La Guardia airport is named after him.

When Boss Tweed was eventually arrested, [[robber baron]] Jay Gould posted a multi-million dollar bail for him.  A decade later, in 1886, Tammany Hall regained power, and ran New York City politics until 1932, when Fiorello La Guardia was elected.  La Guardia airport is named after him.