Changes

==History==

==History==

Bedbugs have been plaguing humans since ancient times, with the latest resurgence beginning in the late 1990's. Archeological digs have unearthed fossilized bed bugs dating back more than 3,500 years. Bed bugs spread throughout Europe and Asia, reaching Italy by 100 A.D., China by 600 A.D., and Germany and France in the 1200s and 1400s, and are mentioned in medieval European texts and in classical Greek writings back to the time of Aristotle. The earliest record of bedbugs in England is that of 1583. Migrating with European explorers to America, infestations first arose in busy seaport towns, and  later on appearing farther inland. This pattern that was repeated in the late 1990s, with the reports of infestations first coming from such gateway cities as [[New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Miami]]. <ref>http://www.pctonline.com/Article.aspx?article_id=37608</ref>

Bedbugs have been plaguing humans since ancient times. Archeological digs have unearthed fossilized bed bugs dating back more than 3,500 years. Bed bugs spread throughout Europe and Asia, reaching Italy by 100 A.D., China by 600 A.D., and Germany and France in the 1200s and 1400s, and are mentioned in medieval European texts and in classical Greek writings back to the time of Aristotle. The earliest record of bedbugs in England is that of 1583. Migrating with European explorers to America, infestations first arose in busy seaport towns, and  later on appearing farther inland. This pattern that was repeated in the late 1990s, with the reports of infestations first coming from such gateway cities as [[New York]], [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]] and [[Miami]]. <ref>http://www.pctonline.com/Article.aspx?article_id=37608</ref>

In the 1800's, bedbugs were significant pest in parts of both the United States and the United Kingdom.  Government Entomologist  Dr. Riley, PhD, described the ubiquity of bed bugs in 1889:

In the 1800's, bedbugs were significant pest in parts of both the United States and the United Kingdom.  Government Entomologist  Dr. Riley, PhD, described the ubiquity of bed bugs in 1889:

mainly found in homeless shelters, and prisons, while during in the period 1967-73, about 61% of infestations were found in domestic residential property, while about 25% were in institutional settings.<ref> [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CI8BEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icup.org.uk%2Freports%255CICUP911.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNHAv-kTckL-i94tT9QVwttxl-L2YQ&sig2=nWe_LzSDoRelL73t_I6ljg  ''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests], p. 9, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf ''Bed Bugs bounce back'', IPM Practitioner], March/April 2007</ref><ref>>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  

mainly found in homeless shelters, and prisons, while during in the period 1967-73, about 61% of infestations were found in domestic residential property, while about 25% were in institutional settings.<ref> [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CI8BEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icup.org.uk%2Freports%255CICUP911.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNHAv-kTckL-i94tT9QVwttxl-L2YQ&sig2=nWe_LzSDoRelL73t_I6ljg  ''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests], p. 9, 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf ''Bed Bugs bounce back'', IPM Practitioner], March/April 2007</ref><ref>>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  

The current resurgence of bedbug infestations appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990’s in Europe, the United States, and in Australia. 2007 data from a survey of pest control companies in the latter country indicated a 4500% increase over a seven year period.<ref>''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 1, 2008</ref><ref>Doggett S.L. and R.C. Russel, ''Bed bugs: Recent Trends and developments,'' Australian </ref>  

A current resurgence of bedbug infestations appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990’s in Europe, the United States, and in Australia. 2007 data from a survey of pest control companies in the latter country indicated a 4500% increase over a seven year period.<ref>''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 1, 2008</ref><ref>Doggett S.L. and R.C. Russel, ''Bed bugs: Recent Trends and developments,'' Australian </ref>  

The University of [[Kentucky]], which has provided much research on bedbugs, and the United States' National Pest Management Association reported that 95% of 521 U.S. pest management companies reported encountering a bedbug infestation in the past year. <ref>Potter MF, et al. ''Bugs Without Borders—Executive Summary'', Fairfax, VA:National Pest Management Association, Inc. (2010)</ref><ref>http://www.npmapestworld.org/documents/bbsurveyexecsummaryjuly26.pdf</ref>  Canada  reported similar numbers (98%), as well as  Europe (92%), and Africa/Middle East (90%).  In contrast, prior to the year 2000 only 25% of U.S. survey respondents reported bedbug infestations. In addition,  76 percent of survey respondents affirmed that bedbugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites. "The results of the global study suggest that we are on the threshold of a bedbug pandemic, not just in the United States, but around the world," said Missy Henriksen, vice president of public affairs for NPMA. The global survey included pest control firms in Latin America and Asia, where stronger, organophosphate chemicals are permitted.<ref>[http://www.pestworld.org/bedbug National Pest Management Association (NPMA), July 26, 2010]</ref><ref>BBC New Magazine, ''Don't let the bedbugs bite'', 2 September 2010</ref> In the United States, state and local government officials say they are being overwhelmed with complaints of bedbug infestations.

According to a new survey from the National Pest Management Association (NPMA), one out of five Americans has had a bed bug infestation in their home or knows someone who has encountered bed bugs at home or a hotel.<ref>http://www.pctonline.com/bed-bugs-in-america.aspx</ref> The University of [[Kentucky]], which has provided much research on bedbugs, and the United States' National Pest Management Association reported that 95% of 521 U.S. pest management companies reported encountering a bedbug infestation in the past year. <ref>Potter MF, et al. ''Bugs Without Borders—Executive Summary'', Fairfax, VA:National Pest Management Association, Inc. (2010)</ref><ref>http://www.npmapestworld.org/documents/bbsurveyexecsummaryjuly26.pdf</ref>  Canada  reported similar numbers (98%), as well as  Europe (92%), and Africa/Middle East (90%).  In contrast, prior to the year 2000 only 25% of U.S. survey respondents reported bedbug infestations. In addition,  76 percent of survey respondents affirmed that bedbugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites. "The results of the global study suggest that we are on the threshold of a bedbug pandemic, not just in the United States, but around the world," said Missy Henriksen, vice president of public affairs for NPMA. The global survey included pest control firms in Latin America and Asia, where stronger, organophosphate chemicals are permitted.<ref>[http://www.pestworld.org/bedbug National Pest Management Association (NPMA), July 26, 2010]</ref><ref>BBC New Magazine, ''Don't let the bedbugs bite'', 2 September 2010</ref> In the United States, state and local government officials say they are being overwhelmed with complaints of bedbug infestations.

===Causes of resurgence ===

===Causes of resurgence ===