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Meanwhile, a dispute developed in the African American community about how to advance. W.E.B. Du Bois took a more aggressive and militant approach to advancement than Booker Washington had. In 1905 Du Bois founded the Niagara Movement, which demanded full citizenship rights for African Americans. In 1909 he founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP),<ref>http://www.naacp.org/about/</ref> which became very influential in the mid -to -late 1900s in advocating for civil rights.

In 1915, in ''Guinn v. U.S.'', the U.S. Supreme Court helped African Americans by striking down "grandfather clauses" that interfered with voting by descendants of slaves. The Court based its ruling on the 15th Amendment, which you should recall guaranteed guarantees the right to vote regardless of "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." In other words, the 15th Amendment prohibited interfering with the rights of former slaves to vote.

In the last lecture we discussed imperialism, and mentioned how Teddy Roosevelt became a hero in the Spanish-American War. He is also a modern-day hero to some, such as ; the 2008 presidential candidate John McCainconsidered Teddy Roosevelt to be a role model. Teddy Roosevelt is the only modern figure to have his face carved in Mount Rushmore in South Dakota, probably due to his support for the national park system. Let's look now at this important American President.

Intellectual thought in the early 1900s was dominated by an embrace of "social Darwinism." The theory of evolution was proposed by Charles Darwin in England in 1859 and was gradually promoted by atheists in schools. It was widely rejected by scientists in the first several decades, but pressure built to replace Christianity with Darwinism at universities and schools. The theory became more popular in England than in France, and was not widely accepted or taught in the United States in the 19th century. (To this day most Americans reject the theory of evolution as it is taught in schools.<ref>"[[United States|Americans]] do not believe that humans evolved, and the vast majority says that even if they evolved, [[God]] guided the process. Just 13 percent say that God was not involved..." http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/22/opinion/polls/main657083.shtml A 2005 poll by the Louis Finkelstein Institute for Social and Religious Research found that 60% of [[United States|American]] medical doctors reject Darwinism, stating that they do not believe humans evolved through natural processes alone. http://www.discovery.org/a/2611</ref>)

Bryan and the State of Tennessee objected to the textbook being used by Scopes in the public school in the town of Dayton. The textbook taught that the falsehood that the Piltdown Man was the "missing link" proving somehow showing that man had somehow evolved from apes. Years later the Piltdown Man was proven to be a complete fraud perpetrated by evolutionists. The textbook was also racist in teaching that whites had evolved to a higher life form than blacks.

The next day, it was Darrow's turn to be cross-examined as he had agreed. '''''But instead of upholding his end of the bargain, Darrow stunned everyone abruptly and surprisingly ended the trial by asking the jury to find his own client guilty!'''''<ref>http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/day8.htm</ref>

The jury then deliberated for only 9 minutes, which is probably may be a recordin quick jury decisions. It found Darrow's client guilty and ordered him to pay a fine of $100, which was eliminated on a technicality on appeal.<ref>The Tennessee Constitution had a clause providing that any large fine that high ($100 was a lot of money in 1925) must be set by a jury, not by the judge. The state's Tennessee Supreme Court vacated the verdict due to on thatbasis (but is $100 so large?), and then ruled that because Scopes no longer lived in the state, the this case was moot.</ref>

[[Imperialism]] extended power over other peoples, and America did this particularly around turn of the century (1900). The Treaty of Paris at the end of the [[Spanish American War]] enabled the United States to annex the Philippine Islands, and also Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spain had previously held the Philippines ever since the explorer Ferdinand Magellan discovered it in 1521.) But after we took over, a bloody rebellion continued there by natives. We sent 70,000 soldiers to suppress them. Many Americans opposed this imperialism, including Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie. They said it was against our American tradition. After we the United States killed off many of the insurgents, Andrew Carnegie sarcastically wrote to our government, "You seem to have about finished your work of civilizing the Filipinos. About 8000 of them have been completely civilized and sent to Heaven. I hope you like it."

Later President Woodrow Wilson served out his two terms from 1913 through 1921, but was very sickly towards the end. Perhaps due to overwork in his unsuccessful attempt to persuade the American public to support the League of Nations, which included a strenuous speaking tour, Wilson collapsed after one of his speeches on this topic in Pueblo, Colorado in the fall of 1919. A week later, on Oct. 2, 1919, Wilson suffered a severe stroke that left him paralyzed and blind in one eye. He never fully recovered, and his incapacity was hidden from the public and not even his Vice President, his cabinet officials or Congress was congressmen were allowed to see him. The Constitution provided no means for substituting for an incapacitated president (later the 25th Amendment was passed to authorize a passing of power to the Vice President even if the President is still alive). Wilson's second wife (his first wife had died) essentially acted on behalf of the president for the more than a year, for the remainder of his termof office.