Changes

As a young man, Marx's financial irresponsibility "drove him into the hands of moneylenders at high rates of interest."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref> This pattern continued into his middle age: "Marx was constantly borrowing money against his future income," writes Jerrold Seigal, professor of history at New York University, "and until 1863 against his family inheritance too...."<ref>Jerrold Seigal, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hCh6hSMDrigC Marx's Fate: The Shape of a Life]'' (Penn State Press, 2004) ISBN 0271025816, p. 257</ref> Marx's relations with his mother were "icy and distant," according to biographer Francis Wheen, at least in part because "she had been inconsiderate enough to stay alive," delaying Marx's eagerly-anticipated inheritance.<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 8</ref> Upon the death of Engels' mistress, Mary Burns, Marx wrote, "Instead of Mary, ought it not to have been my mother," whom Marx judged "has had her fair share of life."<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/letters/63_01_08.htm Marx To Engels, January 8, 1863], in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume41/index.htm Vol. 41] (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 442</ref>

As a young man, Marx's financial irresponsibility "drove him into the hands of moneylenders at high rates of interest."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref> This pattern continued into his middle age: "Marx was constantly borrowing money against his future income," writes Jerrold Seigal, professor of history at New York University, "and until 1863 against his family inheritance too...."<ref>Jerrold Seigal, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hCh6hSMDrigC Marx's Fate: The Shape of a Life]'' (Penn State Press, 2004) ISBN 0271025816, p. 257</ref> Marx's relations with his mother were "icy and distant," according to biographer Francis Wheen, at least in part because "she had been inconsiderate enough to stay alive," delaying Marx's eagerly-anticipated inheritance.<ref>Francis Wheen, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=3KOyuSakn80C Karl Marx: A Life]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2001) ISBN 0393321576, p. 8</ref> Upon the death of Engels' mistress, Mary Burns, Marx wrote, "Instead of Mary, ought it not to have been my mother," whom Marx judged "has had her fair share of life."<ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/letters/63_01_08.htm Marx To Engels, January 8, 1863], in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, ''[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/ Collected Works]'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/cw/volume41/index.htm Vol. 41] (Trans. Robert Dixon), p. 442</ref>

In 1869, Marx told Engels he was £210 in debt, "of which about 75 are for pawnshop and interest."<ref>Quoted by Otto Ruhle, ''Karl Marx: His Life and Work'' (New York: Now Home Library, 1942; reprint: Lightning Source Inc, 2007) ISBN 1406727024, p. 360</ref> That year, Engels sold his interest in the family firm and paid off all Marx's debts; in addition, Engels gave Marx a pension of £350 per year.<ref>F.Engels to Karl Marx, March 28, 1869: “Enclosed draft on the Union Bank of London £87–10s for March to June” (ie £350 per annum) in ''Gesamtausgabe'' [Collected Works], Part III, Vol. 3, p. 173, as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 26, n. 41. The Marxist Internet Archive has apparently [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1869/letters/index.htm not yet found the time] to post this letter.</ref> According to Maltsev (using figures from an 1867 study presented to the Statistical Society of London),<ref>R. Dudley Baxter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gnI8AAAAcAAJ National income: the United Kingdom] (London: Macmillan and co, 1868)</ref> that put Marx's income in the top 2% of the British population&mdash;at the time the wealthiest in the world.<ref>Yuri N. Maltsev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC Requiem for Marx]'' (Auburn, AL: Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 1993) ISBN 1610161165, p. 103</ref> Yet even this sum was not enough for Marx, who by his own admission was spending from £400 to £500 per year.<ref>Marx to Kugelmann, 17 March 1868, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=sgwQAQAAIAAJ Letters to Kugelmann]'' (Greenwood Press, 1973) ISBN 0837170451, p. 65. This is yet another letter the text of which is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/kug/index.htm missing] [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1868/letters/index.htm from] the Marxist Internet Archive.</ref>

In 1869, Marx told Engels he was £210 in debt, "of which about 75 are for pawnshop and interest."<ref>Quoted by Otto Ruhle, ''Karl Marx: His Life and Work'' (New York: Now Home Library, 1942; reprint: Lightning Source Inc, 2007) ISBN 1406727024, p. 360</ref> That year, Engels sold his interest in the family firm and paid off all Marx's debts; in addition, Engels gave Marx a pension of £350 per year.<ref>F.Engels to Karl Marx, March 28, 1869: “Enclosed draft on the Union Bank of London £87–10s for March to June” (ie £350 per annum) in ''Gesamtausgabe'' [Collected Works], Part III, Vol. 3, p. 173, as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 26, n. 41. The Marxists Internet Archive has apparently [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1869/letters/index.htm not yet found the time] to post this letter.</ref> According to Maltsev (using figures from an 1867 study presented to the Statistical Society of London),<ref>R. Dudley Baxter, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gnI8AAAAcAAJ National income: the United Kingdom] (London: Macmillan and co, 1868)</ref> that put Marx's income in the top 2% of the British population&mdash;at the time the wealthiest in the world.<ref>Yuri N. Maltsev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=gx0X4NvNE_gC Requiem for Marx]'' (Auburn, AL: Ludwig Von Mises Institute, 1993) ISBN 1610161165, p. 103</ref> Yet even this sum was not enough for Marx, who by his own admission was spending from £400 to £500 per year.<ref>Marx to Kugelmann, 17 March 1868, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=sgwQAQAAIAAJ Letters to Kugelmann]'' (Greenwood Press, 1973) ISBN 0837170451, p. 65. This is yet another letter the text of which is [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/letters/kug/index.htm missing] [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1868/letters/index.htm from] the Marxists Internet Archive.</ref>

By Marx's own admission he was paying interest rates as high as 50% in 1866, when he was 48 years of age.<ref>Karl Marx, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1866/letters/66_10_13.htm Marx To Ludwig Kugelmann, 13 October 1866], ''Collected Works'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Volume 42, p. 327</ref> Perhaps not coincidentally, a "passionate hatred of usury was the real emotional dynamic of [Marx's] whole moral philosophy," argues historian Paul Johnson. "It explains why he devoted so much time and space to the subject" and, suggests Johnson, might be found "lying perhaps at the very roots of his hatred for the capitalist system."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref>

By Marx's own admission he was paying interest rates as high as 50% in 1866, when he was 48 years of age.<ref>Karl Marx, [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1866/letters/66_10_13.htm Marx To Ludwig Kugelmann, 13 October 1866], ''Collected Works'' (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1975), Volume 42, p. 327</ref> Perhaps not coincidentally, a "passionate hatred of usury was the real emotional dynamic of [Marx's] whole moral philosophy," argues historian Paul Johnson. "It explains why he devoted so much time and space to the subject" and, suggests Johnson, might be found "lying perhaps at the very roots of his hatred for the capitalist system."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GTqHpZech0YC Intellectuals: From Marx and Tolstoy to Sartre and Chomsky]'' (HarperCollins, 2007) ISBN 0061253170), p. 73</ref>

Marx's style was shared by his companions: his wife referred to Lassalle "the little Berlin Jew,"<ref>William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 71</ref> while Engels called him a "greasy Jew."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VIKGCHT1sbwC A history of the Jews]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060915331, p. 350</ref>

Marx's style was shared by his companions: his wife referred to Lassalle "the little Berlin Jew,"<ref>William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 71</ref> while Engels called him a "greasy Jew."<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VIKGCHT1sbwC A history of the Jews]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060915331, p. 350</ref>

Marx's disdain was directed not merely at people, but extended to Judaism itself: "the Israelite faith is repugnant to me," he wrote.<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uqbaAAAAMAAJ Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky]'' (Harrap, 1976) ISBN 0245527850, p. 30. The Marxist Internet Archive bowdlerizes this to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_03_13.htm I dislike the Jewish faith]," but the word Marx used&mdash;''widerlich''&mdash;is generally translated as [http://translate.google.com/#de|en|widerlich disgusting], [http://www.dict.cc/deutsch-englisch/widerlich.html foul], [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/german-english/widerlich abominable], etc.</ref> Nor did Marx limit his disparagement to his creditors, but extended it to Jews in general, writing to Engels from Ramsgate that there were "many Jews and bedbugs hereabouts."<ref>Sigmund Krancberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cmspK8ine2QC A Soviet postmortem: philosophical roots of the "Grand Failure"]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994) ISBN 0847679284, p. 59, n. 13</ref> In thus lumping Jews together with parasites, Marx prefigured a trope that would later figure prominently in the writing of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref> E.g., "...that parasitic nation which, particularly at the present time preys upon the honest portion of mankind; I mean the Jews." Adolph Hitler (tr. James Murphy), [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band] (Bottom of the Hill, 1938), p. 138</ref>

Marx's disdain was directed not merely at people, but extended to Judaism itself: "the Israelite faith is repugnant to me," he wrote.<ref>Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=uqbaAAAAMAAJ Revolutionary Jews from Marx to Trotsky]'' (Harrap, 1976) ISBN 0245527850, p. 30. The Marxists Internet Archive bowdlerizes this to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1843/letters/43_03_13.htm I dislike the Jewish faith]," but the word Marx used&mdash;''widerlich''&mdash;is generally translated as [http://translate.google.com/#de|en|widerlich disgusting], [http://www.dict.cc/deutsch-englisch/widerlich.html foul], [http://en.bab.la/dictionary/german-english/widerlich abominable], etc.</ref> Nor did Marx limit his disparagement to his creditors, but extended it to Jews in general, writing to Engels from Ramsgate that there were "many Jews and bedbugs hereabouts."<ref>Sigmund Krancberg, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cmspK8ine2QC A Soviet postmortem: philosophical roots of the "Grand Failure"]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 1994) ISBN 0847679284, p. 59, n. 13</ref> In thus lumping Jews together with parasites, Marx prefigured a trope that would later figure prominently in the writing of [[Adolf Hitler]].<ref> E.g., "...that parasitic nation which, particularly at the present time preys upon the honest portion of mankind; I mean the Jews." Adolph Hitler (tr. James Murphy), [http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks02/0200601.txt Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band] (Bottom of the Hill, 1938), p. 138</ref>

===Marx's anti-Semitism===

===Marx's anti-Semitism===

"That Karl Marx was an inveterate antisemite is today considered a commonplace which is hardly ever questioned," wrote Shlomo Avineri, professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Shlomo Avineri, “[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2707911 Marx and Jewish Emancipation],” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 25, No. 3 (July–September, 1964) pp. 445-450</ref> Marxists and other socialists "are extremely coy about it nowadays, for obvious reasons," observes British writer Alexander Baron, but "the early socialists, including the Jewish-born Karl Marx, were more than a little tainted with that most ignoble of pastimes, Jew-baiting."<ref>Alexander Baron, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Khe9AAAACAAJ Anti-capitalism from anti-semitism to 'anti-racism']'' (Anglo-Hebrew Publishing, 1995) ISBN 1898318239, p. 1</ref> Marx “was at best negative towards Jews in theory,” according to University of London historian David Cesarani;<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 1 (PDF p. 7)</ref> he was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery.<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Indeed, Marx's "entire theory of class was rooted in anti-Semitism," charges Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575), p. 73</ref> Thus Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew,”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> while Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, dubs him “a self-hating Jew.”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> Likewise, Sir Isaiah Berlin diagnosed Marx's condition as "self-hate" and Marx's biographer Werner Blumenberg "self-hatred"; Raphael Patai pronounced Marx the "most influential of Jewish self-haters."<ref>Raphael Patai, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jNniq7Ji7YC The Jewish mind]'' (Wayne State University Press, 1977) ISBN 081432651X, p. 470</ref> Henderson and Manchester University historian W.H. Chaloner comment:

"That Karl Marx was an inveterate antisemite is today considered a commonplace which is hardly ever questioned," wrote Shlomo Avineri, professor of political science at Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Shlomo Avineri, “[http://www.jstor.org/pss/2707911 Marx and Jewish Emancipation],” ''Journal of the History of Ideas'', Vol. 25, No. 3 (July–September, 1964) pp. 445-450</ref> Marxists and other socialists "are extremely coy about it nowadays, for obvious reasons," observes British writer Alexander Baron, but "the early socialists, including the Jewish-born Karl Marx, were more than a little tainted with that most ignoble of pastimes, Jew-baiting."<ref>Alexander Baron, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Khe9AAAACAAJ Anti-capitalism from anti-semitism to 'anti-racism']'' (Anglo-Hebrew Publishing, 1995) ISBN 1898318239, p. 1</ref> Marx “was at best negative towards Jews in theory,” according to University of London historian David Cesarani;<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 1 (PDF p. 7)</ref> he was "a particularly caustic antisemite," wrote Flannery.<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Indeed, Marx's "entire theory of class was rooted in anti-Semitism," charges Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575), p. 73</ref> Thus Sharan calls Marx an “anti-Semitic Jew,”<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> while Albert S. Lindemann, Professor Emeritus in the Department of History, University of California–Santa Barbara, dubs him “a self-hating Jew.”<ref>Albert S. Lindemann , ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 166</ref> Likewise, Sir Isaiah Berlin diagnosed Marx's condition as "self-hate" and Marx's biographer Werner Blumenberg "self-hatred"; Raphael Patai pronounced Marx the "most influential of Jewish self-haters."<ref>Raphael Patai, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6jNniq7Ji7YC The Jewish mind]'' (Wayne State University Press, 1977) ISBN 081432651X, p. 470</ref> Henderson and Manchester University historian W.H. Chaloner comment:

{{cquote|...Marx's anti-Semitism has been played down, or even ignored, in some popular socialist accounts of Marx's career and doctrines published in the West and intended for radical and socialist consumption.... There may not be exactly a conspiracy of silence but attention may be drawn to the fact that there is a difference between telling the truth and telling the whole truth. Deception by omission is still deception. Western commentators, too, with a few honourable exceptions, have tended to dodge the issue or to gloss over unwelcome facts. Scholars unfamiliar with the German language, who rely only upon English translations of the writings of Marx and Engels, may be led astray if they use selections compiled by Marxists who are prepared to suppress evidence which might display their hero in a somewhat unfavourable light.<ref>W.H. Chaloner & W.O. Henderson, "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/marxracism.pdf Marx/Engels and Racism]," ''Encounter'', July 1975, pp. 18-23</ref>}}

{{cquote|...Marx's anti-Semitism has been played down, or even ignored, in some popular socialist accounts of Marx's career and doctrines published in the West and intended for radical and socialist consumption.... There may not be exactly a conspiracy of silence but attention may be drawn to the fact that there is a difference between telling the truth and telling the whole truth. Deception by omission is still deception. Western commentators, too, with a few honourable exceptions, have tended to dodge the issue or to gloss over unwelcome facts. Scholars unfamiliar with the German language, who rely only upon English translations of the writings of Marx and Engels, may be led astray if they use selections compiled by Marxists who are prepared to suppress evidence which might display their hero in a somewhat unfavourable light.<ref>W.H. Chaloner & W.O. Henderson, "[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/marxracism.pdf Marx/Engels and Racism]," ''Encounter'', July 1975, pp. 18-23</ref>}}

A case in point is the Marxist Internet Archive, which bowdlerizes some of Marx's writings (including ''On the Jewish Question'') and deletes others (including “The Russian Loan”) altogether. (See below)

A case in point is the Marxists Internet Archive, which bowdlerizes some of Marx's writings (including ''On the Jewish Question'') and deletes others (including “The Russian Loan”) altogether. (See below)

===="On the Jewish Question"====

===="On the Jewish Question"====

In his essay, "On the Jewish question," Marx makes it clear that he considered Jews "worshippers of mammon," writes Flannery. <ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> "The Jew of Marx's essay," agrees Lindeman, "worships money...."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> As Marx put it in that essay:

In his essay, "On the Jewish question," Marx makes it clear that he considered Jews "worshippers of mammon," writes Flannery. <ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> "The Jew of Marx's essay," agrees Lindeman, "worships money...."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> As Marx put it in that essay:

{{cquote|What is the secular basis of Judaism? ''Practical'' need, ''self-interest''. What is the secular cult of the Jew? ''Haggling''.<ref>The Marxist Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (''weltliche Kultus'') to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (''schacher'') to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/ Huckstering]." Cf. Allan Megill, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yLF7hxDPWNoC Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market)]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew ''sakhar'', commerce, ''schacher'' became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “''[http://urts55.uni-trier.de:8080/Projekte/WBB2009/DWB//call_wbgui_py_from_form?textpattern=schacher&lemmapattern= Schacher] .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht''” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a784656037~frm=abslink From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement],” ''Journal of Communist Studies'', vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68</ref> What is his worldly God? ''Money''.}}

{{cquote|What is the secular basis of Judaism? ''Practical'' need, ''self-interest''. What is the secular cult of the Jew? ''Haggling''.<ref>The Marxists Internet Archive softens "secular cult" (''weltliche Kultus'') to "worldly religion" and "Haggling" (''schacher'') to "[http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/jewish-question/ Huckstering]." Cf. Allan Megill, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yLF7hxDPWNoC Karl Marx: the burden of reason (why Marx rejected politics and the market)]'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2002) ISBN 0742511669, p. 164. “When Marx used this particular term he borrowed from the vocabulary of anti-Semitism,” writes Werner Cohn, professor of sociology at the University of British Columbia. “Ultimately derived from the Hebrew ''sakhar'', commerce, ''schacher'' became in the nineteenth century a very specific term of abuse.” Cohn cites the famous German dictionary written by the brothers Grimm: “''[http://urts55.uni-trier.de:8080/Projekte/WBB2009/DWB//call_wbgui_py_from_form?textpattern=schacher&lemmapattern= Schacher] .... Kleinhandel, besonders gewinnsüchtiger Hausirhandel, gewöhnlich von den Juden, in verächtichem Sinne gebraucht''” [“Haggling, particularly greedy haggling, usually by Jews, with the connotation despised”], Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm, ''Deutsches Wörterbuch'' (Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1893), vol. 8, p. 1959, as cited in Werner Cohn, “[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a784656037~frm=abslink From Victim to Shylock and Oppressor: The New Image of the Jew in the Trotskyist Movement],” ''Journal of Communist Studies'', vol. 7, no. 1 (March 1991), pp. 46-68</ref> What is his worldly God? ''Money''.}}

Marx hammers the point:

Marx hammers the point:

{{cquote|Money is the jealous god of Israel, before which no other god may exist. The bill of exchange is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange.}}

{{cquote|Money is the jealous god of Israel, before which no other god may exist. The bill of exchange is the real god of the Jew. His god is only an illusory bill of exchange.}}

Thus do these loans, which are a curse to the people, a ruin to the holders, and a danger to the governments, become a blessing to the houses of the children of Judah. This Jew organization of loan-mongers is... dangerous to the people.... The fortunes amassed by these loan-mongers are immense, but the wrongs and sufferings thus entailed on the people and the encouragement thus afforded to their oppressors still remain to be told....

Thus do these loans, which are a curse to the people, a ruin to the holders, and a danger to the governments, become a blessing to the houses of the children of Judah. This Jew organization of loan-mongers is... dangerous to the people.... The fortunes amassed by these loan-mongers are immense, but the wrongs and sufferings thus entailed on the people and the encouragement thus afforded to their oppressors still remain to be told....

The fact that 1855 years ago Christ drove the Jewish moneychangers out of the temple, and that the moneychangers of our age enlisted on the side of tyranny happen again chiefly to be Jews, is perhaps no more than a historical coincidence. The loan-mongering Jews of Europe do only on a larger and more obnoxious scale what many others do on one smaller and less significant. But it is only because the Jews are so strong that it is timely and expedient to expose and stigmatize their organization.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Russian Loan," ''New-York Daily Tribune'', January 4, 1856, reprinted in Richard Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D75MAAAAYAAJ The Eastern question: a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War]'' (S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1897), pp. 600-606. So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxist Internet Archive has dropped it down the [http://www.newspeakdictionary.com/ns-dict.html Memory Hole]. The Web site's collection of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm Marx's articles from the ''New York Daily Tribune'', August 21, 1852-February 1861], skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856&mdash;erasing this article as effectively as [http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/research/digitaltampering/stalin1+2.jpg Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov]. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted [http://marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1910/07/marx-and-engels.htm “was not 'helpful'.”]) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally [http://www.marxists.org/admin/intro/index.htm does not “filter out” such views]; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.</ref>}}

The fact that 1855 years ago Christ drove the Jewish moneychangers out of the temple, and that the moneychangers of our age enlisted on the side of tyranny happen again chiefly to be Jews, is perhaps no more than a historical coincidence. The loan-mongering Jews of Europe do only on a larger and more obnoxious scale what many others do on one smaller and less significant. But it is only because the Jews are so strong that it is timely and expedient to expose and stigmatize their organization.<ref>Karl Marx, "The Russian Loan," ''New-York Daily Tribune'', January 4, 1856, reprinted in Richard Aveling and Eleanor Marx Aveling, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D75MAAAAYAAJ The Eastern question: a reprint of letters written 1853-1856 dealing with the events of the Crimean War]'' (S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1897), pp. 600-606. So embarrassing is this article to apologists for Marx that the Marxists Internet Archive has dropped it down the [http://www.newspeakdictionary.com/ns-dict.html Memory Hole]. The Web site's collection of [http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/subject/newspapers/new-york-tribune.htm Marx's articles from the ''New York Daily Tribune'', August 21, 1852-February 1861], skips from November 16, 1855 to January 12, 1856&mdash;erasing this article as effectively as [http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/farid/research/digitaltampering/stalin1+2.jpg Stalin erased Nikolai Yezhov]. (Without mentioning this article by name, the archive does mention that the 1897 publication of the book in which this article was reprinted [http://marxists.org/archive/hyndman/1910/07/marx-and-engels.htm “was not 'helpful'.”]) The site claims that "In the past, some writers who have contributed to Marxism have expressed racist... views. The MIA generally [http://www.marxists.org/admin/intro/index.htm does not “filter out” such views]; if we are archiving the work of a writer, any and all of that writer’s work may be included...." The site's censorship of Marx himself is an exception.</ref>}}

In ''On the Jewish Question'' itself, writes Dennis K. Fischman, assistant professor of social science at Boston University, "Marx seems fairly to bristle with anti-Jewish sentiments."<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> The views Marx expressed in that essay "were part of the classic repertoire of anti-Semitism," according to Gertrude Himmelfarb, professor of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.<ref>Gertrude Himmelfarb, “[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the--ldquo-real-rdquo--marx-6980 The 'Real' Marx],” ''Commentary'', April 1985</ref> It is “almost a classic anti-Semitic tract,” agrees Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, "[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marxism-vs--the-jews-6827 Marxism vs. the Jews]," ''Commentary'', April 1984</ref> It is "without any question an anti-Semitic tract," admits "[http://www.joelkovel.com/newreadings.html#ecosocialism1 eco-socialist]" Joel Kovel.<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Indeed, concurs Lewis, it has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda.” <ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> This essay was "reprinted, widely quoted, and praised," adds Himmelfarb, "and became the exemplar of a classic genre of socialist anti-Semitism."<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marx-14979 Reader Letters: Marx], ''Commentary'', August 1985</ref>

In ''On the Jewish Question'' itself, writes Dennis K. Fischman, assistant professor of social science at Boston University, "Marx seems fairly to bristle with anti-Jewish sentiments."<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> The views Marx expressed in that essay "were part of the classic repertoire of anti-Semitism," according to Gertrude Himmelfarb, professor of history at the Graduate School of the City University of New York.<ref>Gertrude Himmelfarb, “[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/the--ldquo-real-rdquo--marx-6980 The 'Real' Marx],” ''Commentary'', April 1985</ref> It is “almost a classic anti-Semitic tract,” agrees Johnson.<ref>Paul Johnson, "[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marxism-vs--the-jews-6827 Marxism vs. the Jews]," ''Commentary'', April 1984</ref> It is "without any question an anti-Semitic tract," admits "[http://www.joelkovel.com/newreadings.html#ecosocialism1 eco-socialist]" Joel Kovel.<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Indeed, concurs Lewis, it has become “one of the classics of anti-Semitic propaganda.” <ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> This essay was "reprinted, widely quoted, and praised," adds Himmelfarb, "and became the exemplar of a classic genre of socialist anti-Semitism."<ref>[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/viewarticle.cfm/marx-14979 Reader Letters: Marx], ''Commentary'', August 1985</ref>