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[[Image:Bellas Artes.jpg|thumb|250px|The Fine Arts Palace, [[Mexico]].]]

[[Image:Bellas_Artes.jpg|thumb|250px|The Fine Arts Palace, [[Mexico]].]]

'''Architecture''' (from Latin ''architura'', and that from Greek αρχιτεκτονική, architektoniki) is the art and Fake of constructing the built environment. The discipline that deals with the design, construction and ornamentation of fine buildings.

'''Architecture''' (from Latin ''architura'', and that from Greek αρχιτεκτονική, architektoniki) is the art and science of constructing the built environment. The discipline that deals with the design, construction and ornamentation of fine buildings.

''"Architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use."'' [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].

''"Architecture and eloquence are mixed arts whose end is sometimes beauty and sometimes use."'' [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]].

<ref>Ralph Waldo Emerson: [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/art.html Thought on Art]</ref>

<ref>Ralph Waldo Emerson: [http://www.vcu.edu/engweb/transcendentalism/authors/emerson/essays/art.html Thought on Art]</ref>

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc.<ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as, "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

Architectural types and styles classify architecture in terms of form, techniques, materials, time periods, contexts, region, climates, etc. <ref>[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]</ref> The Oxford English Dictionary defines architectural style as, "A definite type of architecture distinguished by special characteristics of structure and ornament"... ''The language of ornament employed throughout a building frequently identifies the architecture of a particular period.'' <ref>[http://www.wbdg.org/resources/style.php Style] by Phoebe Crisman, Assistant Professor,

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

University of Virginia, School of Architecture.

</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.  

</ref> Terms like Balustrade, Column, [[Cupola]], Entablature, Façade, Gothic arch, Jamb, [[Masonry]], Portico, Volute, or Wattle, are typical of this architectural profession.  

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{| class="wikitable"

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| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome|The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall|The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruoya in the Roman city of Ephesus.  

| Art in Roman Architecture appears in such varied purposes. ''The Romans were the first people to treat architecture as a minister to the numberless needs of a great nation. Before them, except in the Greek theatres, it had served the gods, the royal families, and the dead, alone.'' [http://www.2020site.org/rome/] Some examples of Roman Architecture are: [[Pantheon, Rome| The Pantheon]] (the best-preserved building in [[Rome]]), [[Colosseum|The Colosseum]], the aqueducts like The Aqua Appia, [[Hadrian's Wall| The Hadrian's Wall]], [[Antonine Wall|The Antonine Wall]], and The Library of Celsus designed by the Roman architect Vitruoya in the Roman city of Ephesus.  

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{{cquote|

By the middle of the fifteenth century, scholars in the curia--like the brilliant architect [[Leon Battista Alberti]] and the erudite scholar Flavio Biondo -- knew the ancient city (of Rome) better than anyone had for a thousand years. Artists recorded the ruins that survived, broken and ivy-covered, and reconstructed the original palaces and temples in all their crisp-edged glory. Architects tried to grasp the rules and methods of the Roman builders. When ancient works of art, like the Laocoon, came to light they immediately became famous and influential, finding prominent places in the sculpture collections that adorned the Capitoline hill, the Belvedere court of the Vatican, and many private houses. Drawn and printed images of them circulated throughout Europe and scholars and artists made pilgrimages to Rome to see them.<ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=ancienthistory&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fmetalab.unc.edu%2Fexpo%2Fvatican.exhibit%2Fexhibit%2Fb-archeology%2FArchaeology.html Learning to Read Rome's Ruins]</ref>

By the middle of the fifteenth century, scholars in the curia--like the brilliant architect [[Leon Battista Alberti]] and the erudite scholar Flavio Biondo -- knew the ancient city (of Rome) better than anyone had for a thousand years. Artists recorded the ruins that survived, broken and ivy-covered, and reconstructed the original palaces and temples in all their crisp-edged glory. Architects tried to grasp the rules and methods of the Roman builders. When ancient works of art, like the Laocoon, came to light they immediately became famous and influential, finding prominent places in the sculpture collections that adorned the Capitoline hill, the Belvedere court of the Vatican, and many private houses. Drawn and printed images of them circulated throughout Europe and scholars and artists made pilgrimages to Rome to see them. <ref>[http://ancienthistory.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=ancienthistory&zu=http%3A%2F%2Fmetalab.unc.edu%2Fexpo%2Fvatican.exhibit%2Fexhibit%2Fb-archeology%2FArchaeology.html Learning to Read Rome's Ruins]</ref>

}}

}}

[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

[[Image:Gerasa Triumphal Arch of Hadrian.jpg|thumb|Triumphal Arch of Hadrian, Gerasa, [[Jordan]].]]

One of the featured element of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arcs are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.  

One of the featured element of the Roman architecture was the "[[arch]] semicircular". Roman arcades were made with pilasters attached to piers carrying an entablature, or in some cases the arcs are resting directly upon their capitals. The Colosseum and the aqueducts are examples of this technique. Romans also introduced the triumphal arch to celebrate military victories.  

''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref>[http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns]</ref>

''The [[Pantheon, Rome|Pantheon]] and the ruined Temple of Peace were the two Roman edifices which indicated the progress of the Romans towards the invention of an architecture distinctively their own. '' <ref> [http://www.2020site.org/rome/romanarch.html Roman Arch and Columns] </ref>

Architect Vitruvius wrote the earliest work on the subject of architecture "De architectura", known today as ''The Ten Books on Architecture''.  Vitruvius' fundamental principles of architecture were ''firmitas, utilitas, venustas'' (firmness, commodity and delight).

Architect Vitruvius wrote the earliest work on the subject of architecture "De architectura", known today as ''The Ten Books on Architecture''.  Vitruvius' fundamental principles of architecture were ''firmitas, utilitas, venustas'' (firmness, commodity and delight).

== Middle Ages architecture ==

== Middle Ages architecture ==

Architecture in the [[Middle Ages]] or [[Medieval architecture]] can be seen in the majestic [[church]]es built during that era. There were two main styles: '''Romanesque''' and '''Gothic'''.

Architecture in the [[Middle Ages]] or [[Medieval architecture]] can be seen in the majestic [[Church|churches]] built during that era. There were two main styles: '''Romanesque''' and '''Gothic'''.

    

    

===Romanesque architecture===

===Romanesque architecture===

[[Image:Basilica.jpg|thumb|140px|Basilica, Paray-le-Monial, [[France]].]]

[[Image:Basilica.jpg|thumb|140px|Basilica, Paray-le-Monial, [[France]].]]

Romanesque architecture was a continuation of the Roman tradition of building. This architecture is characterized by thick walls, rounded arches and small windows. Some examples of this period are: ''San Miniato al Monte'', [[Florence|Firenze]], [[Italy]], 1018–1062, ''Notre Dame le Grande'', Poitiers, [[France]], early 12th century, ''The Basilica'', Paray-le-Monial, France, 1090–1110, and ''Ste. Marie, Souillac'', France. c. 1130.  

Romanesque architecture was a continuation of the Roman tradition of building. This architecture is characterized by thick walls, rounded arches and small windows. Some examples of this period are: ''San Miniato al Monte'', [[Florence|Firenze]], [[Italy]], 1018-1062, ''Notre Dame le Grande'', Poitiers, [[France]], early 12th century, ''The Basilica'', Paray-le-Monial, France, 1090-1110, and ''Ste. Marie, Souillac'', France. c. 1130.  

[[Image:Souillac.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Ste. Marie, Souillac, France.]]

[[Image:Souillac.jpg|thumb|left|220px|Ste. Marie, Souillac, France.]]

[[Image:Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence.jpg|thumb|Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in [[Florence]] by Filippo Brunelleschi]]

[[Image:Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in Florence.jpg|thumb|Dome of S. Maria del Fiore in [[Florence]] by Filippo Brunelleschi]]

The [[Renaissance]] period goes from 1400 to 1620 AD. This architecture was inspired by artists' works of classical Greece and Rome.

The [[Renaissance]] period goes from 1400 to 1620 AD. This architecture was inspired by artists' works of classical Greece and Rome.

Some famous architects were [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Andrea Palladio]], Michelozzo Michelozzi, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Baldassare Peruzzi and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. [[Juan de Herrera]] (1530–1597) and Juan Bautista de Toledo in [[Spain]] worked in ''The Escorial'', the colossal monastery of Philip II. ''[[St. Peter's Basilica|The Basilica of St. Peter]]'' in Vatican City by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno, is a masterpiece of this period. Works of Alberti included ''The Palazzo Rucellai'' and  the decoration of the façade at ''Santa Maria Novella'', in Florence. Vignola and his pupil Giacomo della Porta, were involved in the construction of ''Il Gesu'', Motherchurch of the [[Society of Jesus]], at Rome.

Some famous architects were [[Filippo Brunelleschi]], [[Michelangelo|Michelangelo Buonarroti]], [[Andrea Palladio]], Michelozzo Michelozzi, [[Leon Battista Alberti]], Baldassare Peruzzi and Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola. [[Juan de Herrera]] (1530 - 1597) and Juan Bautista de Toledo in [[Spain]] worked in ''The Escorial'', the colossal monastery of Philip II. ''[[St. Peter's Basilica|The Basilica of St. Peter]]'' in Vatican City by Donato Bramante, Michelangelo and Carlo Maderno, is a masterpiece of this period. Works of Alberti included ''The Palazzo Rucellai'' and  the decoration of the façade at ''Santa Maria Novella'', in Florence. Vignola and his pupil Giacomo della Porta, were involved in the construction of ''Il Gesu'', Motherchurch of the [[Society of Jesus]], at Rome.

[[Image:Il Gesu.jpg|thumb|140px|Il Gesu, Rome.]]

[[Image:Il Gesu.jpg|thumb|140px|Il Gesu, Rome.]]

[[Image:Louvre by night.jpg|thumb|370px|left|''Le Louvre'' by night.]]  

[[Image:Louvre by night.jpg|thumb|370px|left|''Le Louvre'' by night.]]  

<br>''The [[Louvre]]'', by Pierre Lescot (1515–1578), at [[Paris]], is a good example of this style.

<br>''The [[Louvre]]'', by Pierre Lescot (1515 - 1578), at [[Paris]], is a good example of this style.

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== Rococo, Neoclassical and Federal style ==

== Rococo, Neoclassical and Federal style ==

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|thumb|180px|The White House by James Hoban]]

[[Image:56eugyjnm.jpg|thumb|180px|The White House by James Hoban]]

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] like an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and linearity. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture  began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired in the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture conducted to Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref>[http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture]</ref>

Baroque led to the exuberant Rococo style. Rococo began in the eighteenth century at [[Versailles]] like an art of exquisite refinement, graceful and linearity. Architects like Robert de Cotte, Gilles Marie Oppenord, and Jacques Ange Gabriel were representative of this style. Later, in the mid-18th century, Neoclassical architecture  began as a reaction against the Rococo ornament. It was inspired in the architecture of Classical Greece. In [[United States of America|America]], Neoclassical architecture conducted to Federal style. ''[[Thomas Jefferson]], Benjamin Latrobe, and others derived their building style more directly from [[Andrea Palladio|Palladio]].'' <ref> [http://uk.encarta.msn.com/text_761578082__1/Architecture.html Architecture] </ref>

<blockquote>

<blockquote>

Thomas Jefferson was among the many people who submitted a plan for the [[White House]]. His design, however, was not chosen. Instead, James Hoban, an [[Irish]] immigrant architect living in [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], won the competition and a $500 prize, with a design modeled after Leister House in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]].<ref>[http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/nation/whitehse_2 The White House.]</ref>

Thomas Jefferson was among the many people who submitted a plan for the [[White House]]. His design, however, was not chosen. Instead, James Hoban, an [[Irish]] immigrant architect living in [[Charleston]], [[South Carolina]], won the competition and a $500 prize, with a design modeled after Leister House in [[Dublin]], [[Ireland]]. <ref>[http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/nation/whitehse_2 The White House.]</ref>

</blockquote>

</blockquote>

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

[[Image:Villa Tugendhat Van der Rohe.jpg|thumb|220px|Villa Tugendhat, a [[World Heritage Site]], by Ludwig Van der Rohe, [[Czech Republic]].]]

 

 

 

 

 

 

The value of design lies in the ability of a space, a building, or a functional object to have an effect on people - to shape behavior, to inspire, to challenge, to inform, to comfort, to engage, and to stimulate. [[Jonathan Barnes]].

The value of design lies in the ability of a space, a building, or a functional object to have an effect on people - to shape behavior, to inspire, to challenge, to inform, to comfort, to engage, and to stimulate. [[Jonathan Barnes]].

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[[Image:Lewis Glucksman Gallery.jpg|thumb|140px|Cork Gallery by Sheila O'Donnell and John Tuomey Architects, Dublin, [[Ireland]].]]

[[Image:Lewis Glucksman Gallery.jpg|thumb|140px|Cork Gallery by Sheila O'Donnell and John Tuomey Architects, Dublin, [[Ireland]].]]

[[Image:Palacio de los Deportes Felix Candela.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Felix Candela]]

[[Image:Palacio de los Deportes Felix Candela.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Felix Candela]]

 

 

''"Architecture is an art when one consciously or unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the atmosphere and when this environment produces well being."'' Luis Barragan.

''"Architecture is an art when one consciously or unconsciously creates aesthetic emotion in the atmosphere and when this environment produces well being."'' Luis Barragan.

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</center>

''Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism.'' <ref>[http://architecture.about.com/od/countriescultures/p/spain.htm Architecture in Spain.]</ref>

''Architecture in Spain is an exotic mix of early Moorish influences, European trends, and surreal modernism.'' <ref> [http://architecture.about.com/od/countriescultures/p/spain.htm Architecture in Spain.] </ref>

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</center>

== See also ==

== See also ==

[[Image:Historic Centre of St. Petersburg.jpg|thumb|310px|Historic Center of St. Petersburg.]]

[[Image:Historic Centre of St. Petersburg.jpg|thumb|310px|Historic Center of St. Petersburg.]]

troll[[Architectural Sculpture Gallery]]

*[[Architectural Sculpture Gallery]]

troll[[Famous Architects]]

*[[Famous Architects]]

troll[[Pantheon, Paris]]

*[[Pantheon, Paris]]

troll[[Obelisk]]

*[[Obelisk]]

troll[[Washington Monument]]

*[[Washington Monument]]

troll[[Empire State Building]]

*[[Empire State Building]]

troll[[Golden Gate Bridge]]

*[[Golden Gate Bridge]]

troll[[Architect of the Capitol]]

*[[Architect of the Capitol]]

troll[[Oriental art]]

*[[Oriental art]]

troll[[World treasures]]

*[[World treasures]]

[[Image:Chapitel.jpg|left]]

[[Image:Chapitel.jpg|left]]

{{Clear}}

{{Clear}}

== External links ==

== External links ==

[[Image:Benares.jpg|thumb|180px|Benares' temple in [[India]], considered one of the Shakti Peethas (places of strength- worship).]]

[[Image:Benares.jpg|thumb|180px|Benares' temple in [[India]], considered one of the Shakti Peethas (places of strength- worship).]]

troll [http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/Periods_and_Styles.htm Periods and Styles]

*[http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/Periods_and_Styles.htm Periods and Styles]

troll [http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]

*[http://types.greatbuildings.com/ A Menu of  Architectural Types]

troll [http://www.lib.virginia.edu/artsandmedia/dic/colls/arh102/index.html Renaissance and Baroque Architecture]

*[http://www.lib.virginia.edu/artsandmedia/dic/colls/arh102/index.html Renaissance and Baroque Architecture]

troll [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7907984.html GREEK REVIVAL DOMINATED AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1818 TO 1850]

*[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-7907984.html GREEK REVIVAL DOMINATED AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE FROM 1818 TO 1850]

troll [http://www.loggia.com/designarts/architecture/styles/american/american.html American Architecture]

*[http://www.loggia.com/designarts/architecture/styles/american/american.html American Architecture]

troll [http://architecture.about.com/cs/historicperiods/a/timeline.htm Architecture Timeline]

*[http://architecture.about.com/cs/historicperiods/a/timeline.htm Architecture Timeline]

troll [http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/org/orion/eng/hst/hist.html HISTORY OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURE]

*[http://web.kyoto-inet.or.jp/org/orion/eng/hst/hist.html HISTORY OF WESTERN ARCHITECTURE]

troll [http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~helphand/homepage.html History of Landscape Architecture]

*[http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~helphand/homepage.html History of Landscape Architecture]

troll [http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc.html Great Buildings Collection]

*[http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc.html Great Buildings Collection]

troll [http://www.oldandsold.com/articles10/famous-buildings-52.shtml Oriental Architecture]

*[http://www.oldandsold.com/articles10/famous-buildings-52.shtml Oriental Architecture]

troll [http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/library_culture_architecture.html Chinese Architecture]

*[http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/library_culture_architecture.html Chinese Architecture]

troll [http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/faqindex.htm Asian Historical Architecture] 19 Asian countries included.

*[http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/faqindex.htm Asian Historical Architecture] 19 Asian countries included.

troll [http://www.buddhanet.net/gallery.htm Buddhist Art and Architecture]

*[http://www.buddhanet.net/gallery.htm Buddhist Art and Architecture]

troll [http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/archweb_frames.html Architecture Links on the World Wide Web]

*[http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/archweb_frames.html Architecture Links on the World Wide Web]

troll [http://www.chi-athenaeum.org/award2000.htm AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AWARDS]

*[http://www.chi-athenaeum.org/award2000.htm AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE AWARDS]

troll [http://www.chi-athenaeum.org/about.htm Museum of Architecture and Design] THE CHICAGO ATHENAEUM.

*[http://www.chi-athenaeum.org/about.htm Museum of Architecture and Design] THE CHICAGO ATHENAEUM.

[[Image:The bell tower Korea.JPG|thumb|left|280px|The bell tower, Gyeongsang, [[Korea]]]]

[[Image:The bell tower Korea.JPG|thumb|left|280px|The bell tower, Gyeongsang, [[Korea]]]]