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Line 107: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + − In 1985 the ''"cosmological constant"'' turned out to be unnecessary since it turned out that the Hubble redshift might be not caused by expansion of the universe but by the time runing slower at the deep space galaxies in curved space, which according to ''Einsteinian gravitation'' (see below) simulates accelerating expansion of space with+ − + − + − + − + − + + − Einstein told his secretary not to let in anyone who wants to talk to Einstein about the universe<ref>Story told to the author by Roy J. Glauber who was at the time Einstein's assistant in Princeton University in N.J. and later, for one year, author's physics teacher at Harvard, Cambridge, MA.</ref>.+ − Also the Einsteinian gravitation, not allowing the expansion of universe, does not allow the Big Bang as a way of creation of the universe. It sugests that the universe is stationary (with Newtonian arguments based on relativity of time, which any intelligent high school student should easily comprehend).+ + + Line 255:
Line 307: − − ==Demystifying universe== − − ===Introduction to Einsteinian universe=== − − The Einsteinian gravitation, or rather the Einsteinian General Relativity (EGR), as it should be more properly called, is a contemporary theory of universe and its [[gravitation]]. In EGR the universe has been always approximately the same, never changing, beyond trivial movements of celestial bodies. The EGR is described generally by the [[Perfect cosmological principle]]. − − The theory is called ''"Einsteinian"'' since it's Einsteinian type theory, except a bit deeper since it includes elements that Einstein didn't know about. For this reason there are also a few flaws which had to be dealt with and removed (as [[cosmological constant]]). Those new elements and recognition of flaws showed up after 1985 when it turned out that the universe is not expanding (as it was obviosly neither expanding when Newton tried to describe it Without yet knowing though about the [[curvatures of spacetime]]. Yet almost purely Newtonian solution, with accuracy to − − :<math>E=mc^2</math>, − − where <math>E</math> is energy contained in any mass <math>m</math> and <math>c</math> is speed of light in vacuum, comes out with [[Einstein's radius of universe]]! − − Which means that Einstein must have been doing something right assuming the [[perfect cosmological principle]] already in 1917. And so the EGR may be also "right" as far as we know<ref> − − Theories are never really "right" unless they pass all the possible tests of their validity which the Big Bang hypohtesis was not able to pass and that's why it had to be replaced with EGR. − − </ref>. − − The EGR is explaning how the relativity of time and space (notions of non existence of absolute time and absolute space) are working in stationary, neither expanding nor contracting, eternal universe that has neither the beginning nor the end. − − The EGR which except explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as ''inertial force'' pushing masses towards their most probable positions of minimum energy in which it reveals its quantum nature, explains also why due to relativity of time in curved space the universe ''looks as if it were expanding'', and expansion were accelerating with − − :<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>, − − where <math>dH/dt</math> is a change of [[Hubble constant]] with distance from observer <math>r</math> converted to time <math>t</math> through <math>r=ct</math>, <math>H_o</math> is [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] near the Earth (at <math>t=0</math>). − − The EGR explains why the value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] <math>H(t)</math>, which in reality is an exponential function, since the redshift is in reality an exponential function of distance (or time, since <math>r=ct</math>, distance <math>r</math> is the same as time <math>t</math> multiplied by speed of light), so the redshift − − :<math>Z=exp(r/R_E)-1</math>, − − where <math>R_E</math> is "[[Einstein's radius]]" of universe, and the [[Hubble constant]] equal approximately − − :<math>H_o=Z/r=v/c/r=70km/s/Mpc</math> − − implies density of space of universe as − − :<math>6\times 10^{-27}kg/m^3</math>. − − The EGR explains also why the above [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] in which <math>v</math> is '''apparent''' recession speed of a galaxy, is really − − :<math>H_o=c/R_E</math>. − − ''"[[Einstein's radius of universe]]"'' <math>R_E</math> in the above equation equals roughly 13 billion light years is implied by the above value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] and why it should be consistent with minimum of angular diameters of galaxies between redshifts Z=1 and Z=2 which is additional test of EGR. − − Therefore the EGR explains most of numerical results that the [[Big Bang]] cosmology is unable to explain.
Essay:Demystified gravitation (view source)
Revision as of 19:12, September 29, 2011
, 19:12, September 29, 2011rearranging sections + some improvements
In the end, the apparent gravitational force of equation (2) is caused by the [[curvature of space]] and the [[time dilation]] that combined, cause the effects of diminishing energy of objects immobilized in curved space. When they aren't immobilized (they are left in [[free fall]]), they follow their natural positions of the greatest probability of being there in the spacetime without producing any forces. As e.g. the Moon following its natural path around the Earth moving at each point of its travel with appropriate acceleration <math>a</math> compensating changes of its total energy as given by (1). In this way no additional energy can be created or destroyed and the law of conservation of energy is satisfied automatically for all the moving objects of the universe.
In the end, the apparent gravitational force of equation (2) is caused by the [[curvature of space]] and the [[time dilation]] that combined, cause the effects of diminishing energy of objects immobilized in curved space. When they aren't immobilized (they are left in [[free fall]]), they follow their natural positions of the greatest probability of being there in the spacetime without producing any forces. As e.g. the Moon following its natural path around the Earth moving at each point of its travel with appropriate acceleration <math>a</math> compensating changes of its total energy as given by (1). In this way no additional energy can be created or destroyed and the law of conservation of energy is satisfied automatically for all the moving objects of the universe.
==Demystifying universe==
===Introduction to Einsteinian universe===
The Einsteinian universe, or rather the Einsteinian General Relativity (EGR), as it should be more properly called, is a contemporary theory of universe. Basics of its gravitation have been explained in part 1 of this essay. Now, knowing how the ''apparent gravitational force'' has been generated let's look and the whole universe controlled by this apparent force.
First easily to notice feature is that in EGR the universe has been always approximately the same. It has been never changing, beyond trivial movements of celestial bodies. The EGR is described by the [[Perfect cosmological principle]].
The theory is called ''"Einsteinian"'' since it's Einsteinian type theory, except a bit deeper since it includes elements that Einstein didn't know about. For this reason there are also a few flaws which had to be dealt with and removed (as e.g. [[cosmological constant]]). The new elements and recognition of flaws showed up after 1985 when it turned out that the universe is not expanding (as it was obviosly neither expanding when Newton tried to describe it Without yet knowing though about the [[curvatures of spacetime]]. Yet almost purely Newtonian solution, with accuracy to
:<math>E=mc^2</math>,
where <math>E</math> is energy contained in any mass <math>m</math> and <math>c</math> is speed of light in vacuum, comes out with [[Einstein's radius of universe]]!
Which means that Einstein must have been doing something right assuming the [[perfect cosmological principle]] already in 1917. And so the EGR may be also "right" as far as we know
<ref>
Theories are never "right" unless they pass all the possible tests of their validity, which the [[Big Bang]] hypohtesis was not able to pass and that's why it has to be replaced with EGR (also unsure but at least better theory than the Big Bang that contains errors, which we don't see in EGR, hoping that there are none).
</ref>.
The EGR is explaning how the relativity of time and space (notions of non existence of absolute time and absolute space) are working in stationary, neither expanding nor contracting, eternal universe that has neither the beginning nor the end.
The EGR which except explaining the mechanism of gravitational force as ''inertial force'' pushing masses towards their most probable positions of minimum energy in which it reveals its quantum nature, explains also why due to relativity of time in curved space the universe ''looks as if it were expanding'', and expansion were accelerating with
:<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>,
where <math>dH/dt</math> is a change of [[Hubble constant]] with distance from observer <math>r</math> converted to time <math>t</math> through <math>r=ct</math>, <math>H_o</math> is [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] near the Earth (at <math>t=0</math>).
The EGR explains why the value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] <math>H(t)</math>, which in reality is an exponential function, since the redshift is in reality an exponential function of distance (or time, since <math>r=ct</math>, distance <math>r</math> is the same as time <math>t</math> multiplied by speed of light), so the redshift
:<math>Z=exp(r/R_E)-1</math>,
where <math>R_E</math> is "[[Einstein's radius]]" of universe, and the [[Hubble constant]] equal approximately
:<math>H_o=Z/r=v/c/r=70km/s/Mpc</math>
implies density of space of universe as
:<math>6\times 10^{-27}kg/m^3</math>.
The EGR explains also why the above [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] in which <math>v</math> is '''apparent''' recession speed of a galaxy, is really
:<math>H_o=c/R_E</math>.
''"[[Einstein's radius of universe]]"'' <math>R_E</math> in the above equation equals roughly 13 billion light years is implied by the above value of [[Hubble constant|Hubble "constant"]] and why it should be consistent with minimum of angular diameters of galaxies between redshifts Z=1 and Z=2 which is additional test of EGR.
Therefore the EGR explains most of numerical results that the [[Big Bang]] cosmology is unable to explain.
===Einstein's universe===
===Einstein's universe===
Einstein's universe is Einstein's stationary (or "static" as some cosmologists call it) model universe of 1917.
Einstein's universe is Einstein's stationary (or "static" as some cosmologists call it) model universe of 1917 that was Einstein's guess very close to the contemporary picture of universe. It has common with the present model proved only in 1985 and therefore unknown to Einstein the lack of expansion.
To keep Einstein's field equation of this stationary model stable, and not knowing yet about the ''"[[Hubble time dilation]]"'', discovered by Edwin Hubble over a decade later, and suggesting to some cosmologists that the universe might be expanding, Einstein added his ''"cosmological constant"'' to his field equation that stopped the alleged expansion of his model universe. Later he called this cosmological constant ''"the biggest blunder of his life"''.
To keep Einstein's field equation of this stationary model stable, and not knowing yet about the ''"[[Hubble time dilation]]"'', discovered by Edwin Hubble over a decade later, and suggesting to some cosmologists that the universe might be expanding, Einstein added his ''"cosmological constant"'' to his field equation that stopped the alleged expansion of his model universe. Later he called this cosmological constant ''"the biggest blunder of his life"''.
When the ''"cosmological constant"'' turned out to be unnecessary, since it turned out that the Hubble redshift is not caused by expansion of the universe but by the time runing slower at the deep space galaxies in curved space, which according to EGR simulates accelerating expansion of space with
:<math>dH(t)/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>
:<math>dH/dt=-H_o^2/2</math>
as observed in 1998 by the Supernova Cosmology Project team of astronomers and therefore predicted by ''Einsteinian gravitation'' over 80 years earlier.
as observed in 1998 by the Supernova Cosmology Project team of astronomers and therefore predicted by EGR over 80 years earlier.
The agreement of value of alleged acceleration of space with the results of observations of Supernova Cosmology Project within one standard deviation suggest that the expansion of universe is an illusion but the news has been never published yet and is not likely to be published soon (except in conservapedia).
The agreement of value of alleged acceleration of space with the results of observations of Supernova Cosmology Project within one standard deviation showed that the expansion of universe is an illusion but the news has been never published yet (in 2011) and is not likely to be published soon (except in conservapedia).
Publishing of such a news would destroy the credibility of estblishment cosmologists and their beloved though openly false hypothesis of evolution of universe called the Big Bang hypothesis.
Publishing of such a news would destroy the credibility of estblishment cosmologists and their openly false hypothesis of evolution of universe called the [[Big Bang]] hypothesis.
Around 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered cosmological redshift that [[relativists]] started to consider a sign that the universe is expanding. Then Einstein gave up working on his universe and it has been forgotten for some time.
Around 1929 Edwin Hubble discovered cosmological redshift that [[relativists]] started to consider a sign that the universe is expanding. Then Einstein gave up working on his stationary universe, left his cosmological constant as it was. Told his secretary not to let in anyone who wants to talk to him about the universe.
<ref>
Story told to the author by Roy J. Glauber who was at the time Einstein's assistant in Princeton University in N.J. and later, for one year, author's physics teacher at Harvard, Cambridge, MA.
</ref>
The [[relativists]] were not able to remove cosmological constant since it might have ruined their [[Big Bang]] hypothesis while it would become obvious that the universe is not expanding named it "[[dark energy]]" creating this way new mystery for themselves to solve (at the taxpayers expense) and so the "[[dark energy]]" remains a mystery since the establishment scientific journals still resist to publish truth about the universe (that it operates according to Einstein's plan and that the Einsteinian gravitation, does not allow the expansion of universe, does not allow the Big Bang as a way of creation of the universe. It sugests that the universe is stationary with Newtonian arguments based on relativity of time, which any intelligent high school student should easily comprehend and repeat the Newtonian physics conteined in the following sections.
===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===
===Step by step derivation of cosmological redshift===
The Einstein's universe metric seems to be the simplest metric with required by Einstein's property of non symmetry of metric <ref>Einstein's 1950 paper ''"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation"'', published in April 1950 issue of ''"Scientific American"''. This paper was not placed for some reason in detailed bibliography of Einstein's papers of 1973 ''"Gravitation"'', by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. The reason might be that this book assumes at the onset the symmetric metric of spacetime while Einstein excluded such possibility possibly for it potential of creation of energy from nothing utilized indeed later in ''"Gravitation"'' in the form of Big Bang hypothesis. For this reason ''"Gravitation"'' might be considered advocating a creationist cosmology, as contrasted by stationary cosmology of '''Einsteinian gravitation'''.</ref>.
The Einstein's universe metric seems to be the simplest metric with required by Einstein's property of non symmetry of metric <ref>Einstein's 1950 paper ''"On the Generalized Theory of Gravitation"'', published in April 1950 issue of ''"Scientific American"''. This paper was not placed for some reason in detailed bibliography of Einstein's papers of 1973 ''"Gravitation"'', by Misner, Thorne, and Wheeler. The reason might be that this book assumes at the onset the symmetric metric of spacetime while Einstein excluded such possibility possibly for it potential of creation of energy from nothing utilized indeed later in ''"Gravitation"'' in the form of Big Bang hypothesis. For this reason ''"Gravitation"'' might be considered advocating a creationist cosmology, as contrasted by stationary cosmology of '''Einsteinian gravitation'''.</ref>.
===Critique of the Big Bang hypothesis (BBH)===
===Critique of the Big Bang hypothesis (BBH)===