'''Benedict de Spinoza''', or Baruch d'Espinoza, lived (1632-1677) in [[Amsterdam]]. He was a glass grinder whose philosophical work caused his excommunication from the Jewish synagogue. | '''Benedict de Spinoza''', or Baruch d'Espinoza, lived (1632-1677) in [[Amsterdam]]. He was a glass grinder whose philosophical work caused his excommunication from the Jewish synagogue. |