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| | |[[China]] | | |[[China]] |
| − | |One of the world's oldest major civilizations, lacking in a major religion | + | |One of the world's oldest major civilizations, with a tradition of philosophers rather than religious leaders |
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| | |[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius | | |[[Cicero]], Marcus Tullius |
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| | |[[City-states]] | | |[[City-states]] |
| − | |Small nations consisting of only a single city each; common in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece. | + | |Small nations consisting of only a single city each, especially in ancient Greece. Examples included Sparta, Athens and Corinth. They fought each other, but also banned together to defeat the Persians when that great empire sought to absorb Greece. |
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| | |[[Civilization]] | | |[[Civilization]] |
| − | |A group of people who live in an area. They have agriculture, currency, a government and laws, and an economy. | + | |A group of people who live in an area, if they have agriculture for food, money for trade, a government and laws, and an economy. |
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| | |[[Classical Civilizations]] | | |[[Classical Civilizations]] |
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| | |[[Classicism]] | | |[[Classicism]] |
| − | |A Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration | + | |Near the end of the Middle Ages, a Renaissance movement in the arts, looking back to ancient Rome and Greece for inspiration |
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| | |[[Cleisthenes]] | | |[[Cleisthenes]] |
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| | |[[Code of Hammurabi]] | | |[[Code of Hammurabi]] |
| − | | The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. Hammurabi was the king of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 BC | + | |The code of Hammurabi was one of the first set of written laws. It was a harsh code that demanded an eye for an eye a tooth for a tooth. |
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| | |[[Code of Manu]] | | |[[Code of Manu]] |
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| | |[[Confucius]] | | |[[Confucius]] |
| − | |A very famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct | + | |A famous Chinese philosopher who came up with many ideas about ethics and social conduct |
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| | |[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]] | | |[[Constantine|Constantine (the Great)]] |
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| | |[[Constantinople]] | | |[[Constantinople]] |
| − | |Modern day Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium. | + | |Now named Istanbul, it was the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire from AD 330. Originally known as Byzantium. |
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| | |[[Council of Nicaea]] | | |[[Council of Nicaea]] |
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| | |[[David]] | | |[[David]] |
| − | |Second king of Israel and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expands the kingdom of Israel greatly. | + | |Second king of Israel and an ancestor of Jesus Christ. He was chosen by God to replace Saul and he expanded the kingdom of Israel greatly. |
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| | |[[Delian League]] | | |[[Delian League]] |
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| | |[[Eightfold Path]] | | |[[Eightfold Path]] |
| − | |The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering | + | |The Buddhist path to reach the end of suffering and attain inner peace and contentment. It includes wisdom (right view and intention); ethics (right speech, action & livelihood); and mind (right effort, mindfulness & concentration). |
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| | |[[Emperor]] | | |[[Emperor]] |
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| | |[[Four Noble Truths]] | | |[[Four Noble Truths]] |
| − | |Important principles in [[Buddhism]] | + | |in [[Buddhism]]: (1) suffering is universal, (2) craving or desire causes it, (3) the cure is to eliminate the craving or desire, and (4) following the Eightfold Path helps eliminate this desire in order to attain "nirvana" (complete contentment). |
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| | |the Franks | | |the Franks |
| − | |Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire, rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating rival groups; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks | + | |Germanic tribes settling in the northern part of the Roman empire (including northern France), rising in power and territory from AD 330-751 and defeating barbarians; Charles the Hammer and Charlemagne were Franks |
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| | |[[Gentiles]] | | |[[Gentiles]] |
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| | |[[Hammurabi]] | | |[[Hammurabi]] |
| − | |King of Babylon who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye | + | |King of Babylon from 1792 to 1750 BC who developed the Code of Hammurabi, which is based on the concept of an eye for an eye |
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| | |Han dynasty | | |Han dynasty |
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| | |[[Israel]] | | |[[Israel]] |
| − | |The chosen nation of God and place where most events of the Bible took place | + | |Nation founded by King David in 1010 BC, first temple destroyed by Babylonians in 587 BC, Jerusalem was rebuilt in 515 BC, Alexander the Great then conquered region in 332 BC. |
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| | |[[Jainism]] | | |[[Jainism]] |