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Russian czars added
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|[[Rene Descartes]]  
 
|[[Rene Descartes]]  
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|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered [[analytical geometry]] and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
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|(1596-1650) a French mathematician and philosopher who discovered analytical geometry and defined existence by, “I think, therefore I am.”
 
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|[[Francis Bacon]]
 
|[[Francis Bacon]]
 
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
 
|(1561–1626) an English philosopher/scientist who promoted research based on experimentation
 
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|Ivan IV “the Terrible”
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|(reigned 1547-1584) first czar of Russia, who executed many innocent people; Ivan was succeeded by his son Feodor, whose repeated failures led Russia into a “Time of Troubles.” 
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|Mikhail Romanov
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|(1613) the first of a long line of Romanov Russian czars; under Romanov rule serfs lost almost all of their freedoms
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|Peter the Great
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|a Romanov who ruled Russia from 1682 to 1696 and instituted sweeping reforms in Russian government and society; he built St. Petersburg and tried to make European traditions a part of Russia.
 
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