Changes

'''José Robles''' was a committed [[Stalinist]]<ref>Jason Powell, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles''], eHistory at OSU (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> who served in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]]<ref>Jeffrey Meyers, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cuM6RAO9DxUC Hemingway: A Biography]'' (Da Capo Press, 1999), ISBN 0306808900, p. 307; John P. Diggins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=inoVf72P4yIC Up from Communism]'' (Columbia University Press, 1994) ISBN 0231084889, p. 90</ref> in the Red Army<ref>Jason Powell, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles''], eHistory at OSU (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [http://milparade.udm.ru/25/096.htm Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506; cf. Victor Alba and Stephen Schwartz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=S0TLPvG_PwYC Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism: A History of the P.O.U.M. in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2008) ISBN 1412807336, p. 233</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11.</ref> Robles was never seen again<ref>George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005; Soledad Fox, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2007) ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73</ref> after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]]<ref>Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428</ref> and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|Great Terror]] in 1938.<ref>David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791-812</ref> According to journalist [[Josephine Herbst]], Robles had been secretly executed by the Communists.<ref>Robert Gorham Davis, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/05/books/a-life-of-passionate-commitments.html?&pagewanted=all A Life of Passionate Commitments]," ''The New York Times'', August 5, 1984</ref> He was apparently abducted and murdered<ref>Nigel Jones, [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 re: Spain: on Law, Morality and Amnesty], World Association of International Studies (Stanford University), February 26th, 2009</ref> by a [[Communist]] "special section,"<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all Intellectuals and Assassins: Annals of Stalin's Killerati]," ''The New York Times'', January 24, 1988</ref> according to former [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Alice Béja, [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml Radically American: John Dos Passos, Culture and Politics], ''Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary American Culture'' 8.1 (2008)</ref> John Dos Passos,<ref>Paul P. Reuben, [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html Chapter 7: John Dos Passos (1896-1970)], Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project</ref> because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]."<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[http://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref>

'''José Robles''' was a committed [[Stalinist]]<ref>Jason Powell, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles''], eHistory at OSU (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> who served in the [[Spanish Civil War]] as a [[Colonel]]<ref>Jeffrey Meyers, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cuM6RAO9DxUC Hemingway: A Biography]'' (Da Capo Press, 1999), ISBN 0306808900, p. 307; John P. Diggins, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=inoVf72P4yIC Up from Communism]'' (Columbia University Press, 1994) ISBN 0231084889, p. 90</ref> in the Red Army<ref>Jason Powell, [http://ehistory.osu.edu/osu/reviews/reviewview.cfm?id=2 Review: ''The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles''], eHistory at OSU (Ohio State University), January 2006</ref> and [http://ducts.org/06_06/html/reviews/healy.html interpreter for] [[General]] [http://www.latfilma.lv/d/106/ Jānis] [https://web.archive.org/web/20120414074128/http://milparade.udm.ru/25/096.htm Bērziņš]<ref>Paul Johnson, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MAuzkb28pKQC Intellectuals]'' (HarperCollins, 1990) ISBN 0060916575, p. 156; James R. Mellow, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LQptupxaGwsC Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences]'' (Da Capo Press, 1993) ISBN 020162620, p. 506; cf. Victor Alba and Stephen Schwartz, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=S0TLPvG_PwYC Spanish Marxism Versus Soviet Communism: A History of the P.O.U.M. in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2008) ISBN 1412807336, p. 233</ref> ([http://www.nato.int/acad/fellow/97-99/danilov.pdf alias "Grishin"]),<ref>Ronald Radosh, Mary R. Habeck, and Grigoriĭ Nikolaevich Sevostianov, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SmpOYJ24620C Spain Betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War]'' (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001) ISBN 0300089813, p. 319</ref> head of [[GRU|Soviet military intelligence]].<ref>Hugh Thomas, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=6I126r99NQ4C The Spanish Civil War]'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994) ISBN 0671758764, p. 380; Burnett Bolloten, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-VarDLHA3_YC The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution]'' (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1991) ISBN 0807819069, pp. 307-308, 310, 312, 838 n. 11.</ref> Robles was never seen again<ref>George Packer, "[http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/10/31/051031crbo_books?currentPage=all The Spanish Prisoner]," ''The New Yorker'', October 31, 2005; Soledad Fox, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6_ihsVRTP4C Constancia de la Mora in War and Exile: International Voice for the Spanish Republic]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2007) ISBN 1845191668, pp. 68-73</ref> after Bērziņš was recalled to [[Moscow]]<ref>Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=zQ8BO3cenfoC Let History Judge: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism]'' [tr. George Shriver] [New York: Columbia University Press, 1989] ISBN 0231063504, p. 428</ref> and shot in [[Stalin]]'s [[Great Purge|Great Terror]] in 1938.<ref>David J. Nordlander, "Origins of a Gulag Capital: Magadan and Stalinist Control in the Early 1930s," ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter, 1998), pp. 791-812</ref> According to journalist [[Josephine Herbst]], Robles had been secretly executed by the Communists.<ref>Robert Gorham Davis, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/05/books/a-life-of-passionate-commitments.html?&pagewanted=all A Life of Passionate Commitments]," ''The New York Times'', August 5, 1984</ref> He was apparently abducted and murdered<ref>Nigel Jones, [http://cgi.stanford.edu/group/wais/cgi-bin/?p=28993 re: Spain: on Law, Morality and Amnesty], World Association of International Studies (Stanford University), February 26th, 2009</ref> by a [[Communist]] "special section,"<ref>Stephen Schwartz, "[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/01/24/books/intellectuals-and-assassins-annals-of-stalin-s-killerati.html?pagewanted=all Intellectuals and Assassins: Annals of Stalin's Killerati]," ''The New York Times'', January 24, 1988</ref> according to former [[fellow traveller|fellow traveler]]<ref>Alice Béja, [http://reconstruction.eserver.org/081/beja.shtml Radically American: John Dos Passos, Culture and Politics], ''Reconstruction: Studies in Contemporary American Culture'' 8.1 (2008)</ref> John Dos Passos,<ref>Paul P. Reuben, [http://www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap7/dospassos.html Chapter 7: John Dos Passos (1896-1970)], Perspectives in American Literature - A Research and Reference Guide - An Ongoing Project</ref> because he "knew too much about the relations between the [[Spain|Spanish]] war ministry and the [[Kremlin]]."<ref>Stephen Koch, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=buhlAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Breaking Point: Hemingway, Dos Passos, and the Murder of Jose Robles]'' (Madrid: Ediciones Palabra, 2006) ISBN 1582432813, p. 272; cf. Josephine Herbst, ''[https://books.google.com/books?ei=lQJCSqS3EIqEywTTxshW&id=LgtiAAAAMAAJ&pgis=1 The Starched Blue Sky of Spain: and Other Memoirs]'' (HarperCollins, 1991) ISBN 006016512X, pp. 150-167</ref>

Before going to fight in Spain, Robles taught Spanish at [[Johns Hopkins University]], where one of his students was [[Alger Hiss]]. Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his home,<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss, the True Story]'' (Austin, Tex.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein, [http://www.iwp.edu/faculty/detail/herbert-romerstein-3 chief of] the [http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/ U.S. Information Agency]'s Office to Counter Soviet [http://www.amazon.com/KGB-Soviet-Disinformation-Insiders-View/dp/0080315720 Disinformation] and [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_16a.htm Active Measures] in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration, documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-59624679.html imprisoned or shot] (and [http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely opposed Allied efforts to resist the [[Nazi]]s. ("...the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Lincolns' willingness to change their position on the antifascist struggle in order to conform to Soviet policy would forever cast a shadow on their legacy, as it would with the other elements of the Communist Left." [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor World War II Letters from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade], Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives, 2008)</ref>

Before going to fight in Spain, Robles taught Spanish at [[Johns Hopkins University]], where one of his students was [[Alger Hiss]]. Hiss, who apparently knew Robles well enough to spend time at his home,<ref>Tony Hiss, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SPV2AAAAMAAJ Laughing Last: Alger Hiss by Tony Hiss]'' (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1977), ISBN 039524899X, pp. 37-38</ref> would later say he too considered going to [[Spain]] to join the forces<ref>John Chabot Smith, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCYrAAAAIAAJ&pgis=1 Alger Hiss, the True Story]'' (Austin, Tex.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976), ISBN 0030137764, p. 104</ref> characterized as "[[Stalin]]'s foreign legion."<ref>Herbert Romerstein, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=D5koGQAACAAJ Heroic Victims: Stalin's Foreign Legion in the Spanish Civil War]'' (Washington: Council for the Defense of Freedom, 1994) ISBN 9994812505. Using [[Moscow]]'s [[Comintern]] archives, Romerstein, [http://www.iwp.edu/faculty/detail/herbert-romerstein-3 chief of] the [http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/usia/ U.S. Information Agency]'s Office to Counter Soviet [https://www.amazon.com/KGB-Soviet-Disinformation-Insiders-View/dp/0080315720 Disinformation] and [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/russia_folder/pcw_era/sect_16a.htm Active Measures] in the [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] administration, documents how American volunteers ([http://spectator.org/archives/2008/04/04/the-lefts-good-warriors mostly Communists]) were promised they were signing up for only a [https://web.archive.org/web/20090517092323/http://www.iwp.edu/news/bookID.20/book_detail.asp seven-month hitch], only to be told later they were in for the duration; those who complained were [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-59624679.html imprisoned or shot] (and [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804093147/http://www.campusreportonline.net/main/articles.php?id=2371 listed as casualties]). Supposedly formed to fight [[fascism]], in the wake of the [[Nazi-Soviet Pact]] they largely opposed Allied efforts to resist the [[Nazi]]s. ("...the Nazi-Soviet Pact and the Lincolns' willingness to change their position on the antifascist struggle in order to conform to Soviet policy would forever cast a shadow on their legacy, as it would with the other elements of the Communist Left." [http://www.alba-valb.org/resources/lessons/world-war-ii-letters-from-the-abraham-lincoln-brigade/before-pearl-harbor World War II Letters from the Abraham Lincoln Brigade], Abraham Lincoln Brigades Archives, 2008)</ref>

==Notes==

==Notes==