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|[[utilitarianism]]

|[[utilitarianism]]

|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and promoted by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept prefers overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice.  Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is an example.

|proposed by Englishman Jeremy Bentham and fine-tuned by John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), this non-Christian concept values overall "utility" (overall benefits minus costs) rather than individual justice as a method of determining morality and public policy.  Tossing two people overboard in a lifeboat in order to save the other ten is a classic example of crude utilitarianism at work.

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|[[John Stuart Mill]]

|[[John Stuart Mill]]

|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives

|(1806-1873) British philosopher who supported utilitarianism and advocated an absolute right of free speech, free assembly, religious freedom and the emancipation of women.  He was also instrumental in the development of labor unions and farm cooperatives

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|[[nationalism]]

|[[nationalism]]

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|classical economics

|classical economics

|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restrictions on business

|Mostly 19th century economics but also including 18th century Adam Smith, arguing for less government restrictions on business, based upon the principles of the [[invisible hand]] and [[Pareto]] optimality. 

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|[[Franco-Prussian War]]

|[[Franco-Prussian War]]