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Line 110: − − ===Notes=== − {{reflist|3}} − − =Left-wing anti-Semitism= − Moreover, anti-Semitism was more the rule than the exception in mainstream leftism: although many leftists try to deny it, “modern, political anti-Semitism is a creature of the left as well as the right,” admits Fine.<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006). "[A]nti-Semitism that we might call populist or democratic.... is linked equally to the left and right," according to historian George L. Mosse, "to the new nationalism, but also to certain tendencies in socialism." (George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison) "[O]ne of the most frightening aspects of Hitler's book is not that he said what he said at the time, but that much of what he said can be found today in innumerable places.... As long as it does not have Hitler's name attached to it, this deranged discourse will be ignored or allowed to pass. The voices that express these opinions do not belong to a single political or ideological current.... They belong to the right and the left, to the religious and the secular, to the West and the East, to the rabble and the leaders, to terrorists and intellectuals, students and peasants, pacifists and militants, expansionists and anti-globalization activists." Omer Bartov, "[http://www.tnr.com/article/he-meant-what-he-said He Meant What He Said]," ''The New Republic'', February 2, 2004. Twenty-five years ago in the heart of the Cold War debate, anti-Americanism, anti-Israeli sentiment, and anti-Semitism "were fringe phenomena while now they are more fashionable and mainstream.... [T]hese sentiments are no longer the monopoly of any particular part of the political spectrum. They are there on the European Left, Right, and in the center." Jeffrey Gedmin, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=633&TTL=Experiencing_European_Anti-Americanism_and_Anti-Israelism Experiencing European Anti-Americanism and Anti-Israelism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 27 (December 2004), Institute for Global Jewish Affairs</ref> There were “strong anti-Semitic currents on the European left in Marx’s time," he adds; "[T]here is a strong tradition of anti-Semitism on the Left.”<ref>Robert Fine, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=10&article_id=33 Karl Marx and the Radical Critique of Anti-Semitism],” ''Engage'', No. 2 (May 2006). "[T]he left's anti-Semitism—which, of course, it never acknowledges and fervently denies—rather than the right's conventional version of this hatred comprises the key ingredient of anti-Semitism's current European existence." (Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DRIT=3&DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=624&PID=0&IID=1754&TTL=%22Twin_Brothers%22:_European_Anti-Semitism_and_Anti-Americanism 'Twin Brothers': European Anti-Semitism and Anti-Americanism]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 6 [January 2006] Institute for Global Jewish Affairs) "[T]he locus of anti-Semitism has moved from the right side of the political spectrum to the left.... These days, the hatemongers targeting Jews’ right to live peacefully spout the mantras of 'social justice' and 'peace studies,' not racial purity." (Jonathan Kay, "[http://network.nationalpost.com/np/blogs/fullcomment/archive/2009/03/02/jonathan-kay-on-the-lesson-from-israel-apartheid-week-anti-semitism-is-now-a-creature-of-the-left.aspx The lesson from Israel Apartheid Week: Anti-Semitism is now a creature of the left]," ''National Post'', March 2, 2009). The resurgence of anti-Semitism in Europe "hails much more from the left than the right. The latter—mainly because of the continued illegitimacy and unacceptability of Nazism and fascism in European public opinion—has had a much more circumspect influence on how Jews and Israel are depicted than the left has had. Because classical anti-Semitism—certainly in its praxis—was mostly associated with the European right, the left enjoyed a certain bonus when it came to discussing all matters relating to Jews and Israel. The left could take liberties with being anti-Israeli and anti-Semitic that the right could never have. This legitimacy bonus enabled the left to employ anti-Israeli discourse that—in the meantime—has become completely common and acceptable parlance in Europe. Because of this general acceptability and overall legitimacy, left-wing anti-Semitism is much more relevant and disturbing than right-wing anti-Semitism." (Andrei S. Markovits, "[http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-markovits-05.htm European Anti-Americanism (and Anti-Semitism): Ever Present Though Always Denied]," ''Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism'', No. 2 [August 2005], Institute for Global Jewish Affairs) Antisemitism may be found within much contemporary "antihegemonic, radical, liberal and socialist" discourse, admits David Hirsh of the University of London, who concedes that "antisemitism is a live and virulent threat...." David Hirsh, Book Review: "[http://engageonline.wordpress.com/2009/05/07/book/ Perry and Schweitzer, ''Antisemitic myths: a historical and contemporary anthology'']," ''[http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/01419870.asp Ethnic and Racial Studies]'', Vol. 32, No. 4 (May 2009), pp. 749-750</ref> In France, writes Göttingen historian Karlheinz Weissmann, many on the left saw the Jews not merely as representing "German–Marxist internationalism," but "as the embodiment of capitalism."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> One "need not venture far into the pre-1930 literature of anti-economics before encountering conspicuous anti-Semitic effusions," observes Coleman. "One may say that, before about 1930, anti-economics and anti-Semitism existed in striking conjunction." He adds that "the conjunction was not accidental... [A]nti-economics and modern anti-Semitism shared some leading ideological contentions."<ref>William Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.pdf Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 759-777</ref> − − From the outset, according to French historian Marc Crapez, European racism and socialism were closely affiliated.<ref>Marc Crapez, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=l-dtAAAAMAAJ L'antisémitisme de gauche au XIXe siècle]'' (Paris: Berg international, 2002) ISBN 2-911289-43-9</ref> In addition, "anti-capitalism and anti-Semitism were deeply intertwined," writes George L. Mosse, professor of history at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. "[I]n fact, they had been connected since the middle-ages."<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> "For centuries, Jewish economic success led anti-Semites to condemn capitalism as a form of Jewish domination and exploitation," writes Columbia University history professor Jerry Z. Muller, "or to attribute Jewish success to unsavory qualities of the Jews themselves.<ref>Jerry Z. Muller, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=nMZ_w0mFGIgC Capitalism and the Jews]'' (Princeton University Press, 2010) ISBN 0691144788, p. 2</ref> − − “The Marxist, postmodern and post-Zionist pseudo-liberal views on democracy lead back to the totalitarian democracy of the French Enlightenment, in which anti-Semitism formed an essential ingredient,” writes Shlomo Sharan of Tel Aviv University.<ref>Shlomo Sharan, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5U-Dk-5p0mIC Israel and the Post-Zionists: A Nation at Risk]'' (Sussex Academic Press, 2003) ISBN 1903900522 , p. 125</ref> At that time, "the Jews symbolised the distressing symptoms of modernity ushered in by capitalism and political liberalism," writes Christian Wiese, professor of Jewish history at the University of Sussex.<ref>Christian Wiese, "Modern Antisemitism and Jewish Responses in Germany and France," in Michael Brenner, Vicki Caron and Uri R. Kaufmann, eds., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b2DN7yDuCyoC Jewish emancipation reconsidered: the French and German models]'' (Mohr Siebeck, 2003) ISBN 316148018X, p. 136</ref> “[T]he sudden prominence of a few Jews who benefited from economic liberalisation provoked a backlash from the Left.”<ref>David Cesarani, ''[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/ressources/left_jews/Left_Jews_final.pdf The Jews and the Left] (Labour Friends of Israel 2004) ISBN 0 9500536-5-1, p. 3 (PDF p.9)</ref> Voltaire denounced the Jews as "the greatest scoundrels who have ever sullied the face of the globe".<ref>Arthur Hertzberg and Aron Hirt-Manheimer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=hiWBs5HM_E0C Jews: the essence and character of a people]'' (HarperCollins, 1998) ISBN 0060638354, p. 164</ref> The Jews, he wrote, "deserve to be punished," for it is their "destiny."<ref>Avner Falk, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zL_0WOiZj0oC Anti-semitism: a history and psychoanalysis of contemporary hatred]'' (ABC-CLIO, 2008) ISBN 0313353840, p. 9</ref> "The Jewish nation dares to display an irreconcilable hatred toward all nations, and revolts against all masters," wrote Voltaire, "always superstitious, always greedy for the well-being enjoyed by others, always barbarous—cringing in misfortune and insolent in prosperity."<ref>Voltaire, ''Essai sur les Moeurs et l'Esprit des Nations'', Introduction, [http://www.voltaire-integral.com/Html/11/07INTFIN.html#i42 XLII: Des Juifs depuis Saül], 1753</ref> − − "It was in those days that the complaint arose that Jews were 'unproductive middle men,' 'economic parasites,'" wrote Edward H. Flannery, a professor at the Institute of Judeo-Christian Studies at Seton Hall University.<ref>Eric Pace, "[http://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/22/us/the-rev-edward-flannery-86-priest-who-fought-anti-semitism.html The Rev. Edward Flannery, 86, Priest Who Fought Anti-Semitism]," ''The New York Times'', October 22, 1998</ref> "It was shaped for the most part by socialist writers and became a favorite theme with later racist antisemites of a socialist stripe."<ref>Edward H. Flannery, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=J40gNC7cxfYC The Anguish of the Jews: Twenty-three Centuries of Antisemitism]'' (Paulist Press, 2004) ISBN 0809143240, p. 168</ref> Among the French Left, observes Weissmann, were "numerous individuals and groups who considered class struggle and race struggle as one and the same thing—especially with reference to the Jews...."<ref>Karlheinz Weissmann, "[http://mises.org/journals/jls/12_2/12_2_3.pdf The Epoch of National Socialism]," ''The Journal of Libertarian Studies,'' Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1996), pp. 257–294, citing Edmund Silberner, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=y6EiAAAAMAAJ Sozialisten zur Judenfrage: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Sozialismus vom Anfang des 19.Jahrhunderts bis 1914]'' (Berlin, 1962), pp. 65–82</ref> "[T]hrough almost all countries of Europe there is spreading a powerful, hostile state, which is perpetually at war with all other States, and which in some of them oppresses the citizens with the utmost severity: it is Jewry."<ref>Moshe Leshem, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NGSAAAAAIAAJ Balaam's curse: how Israel lost its way, and how it can find it again]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1989) ISBN 067167918X, p. 53</ref> wrote the early socialist Johann Gottlieb Fichte. "I see no other means of protecting ourselves against them, than by conquering their Promised Land and sending them all there."<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' (W. W. Norton & Company, 1999) ISBN 0393318397, p. 112</ref> Elsewhere, he suggested a more radical solution, in which Gentiles "chop off all their [Jews'] heads and replace them with new ones, in which there would not be a single Jewish idea."<ref>Jon Stratton, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Blh7RLQVIUcC Jewish identity in Western pop culture: the Holocaust and trauma through modernity]'' (Macmillan, 2008), ISBN 0230604749, p. 24</ref> In Fichte's text "we see the beginnings of the 'anticapitalist' impulse in modern antisemitism, which became central to revolutionist agendas for the redemption of humanity through the regeneration of Jewry," observes [http://www.gf.org/fellows/8291-anthony-j-la-vopa Guggenheim Fellow] Anthony J. LaVopa.<ref>Anthony J. LaVopa, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=vQx0_69P4z4C Fichte: the self and the calling of philosophy, 1762-1799]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2001), ISBN 052179145, p. 135</ref> Duquesne University professor Tom Rockmore comments that "available evidence points strongly to an early and perhaps enduring Marxian interest in Fichte's position."<ref>Tom Rockmore, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qrS4AAAAIAAJ Fichte, Marx, and the German philosophical tradition]'' (Southern Illinois University Press, 1980), ISBN 0809309556, p. 126</ref> − − “Socialist anti-Semitism is indeed almost as old as modern Socialism,” writes historian Edmund Silberner of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” Scripta Hierosolymitana, vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> In his comprehensive survey of French socialist literature from 1820 to 1920, historian Zosa Szajkowski found not a single word on behalf of Jews.<ref>Zosa Szajkowski, ''[http://www.jstor.org/pss/4464737 The Jewish Saint-Simonians and Socialist Antisemites in France]'', ''Jewish Social Studies'', Vol. 9, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 33-60 </ref> Pierre Leroux, who coined the word "socialism", “identified the Jews with the despised capitalism, and regarded them as the incarnation of mammon, who lived by exploiting others.”<ref>Dennis Prager and Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=VK0llzUqQ2YC Why the Jews?: the reason for antisemitism]'' (Simon and Schuster, 2003) ISBN 0743246209, p. 127</ref> He condemned what he called "the Jewish spirit, the spirit of profit, of lucre, of gain, the spirit of commerce, of speculation, in a word, the banker spirit."<ref>Lewis S. Feuer and Irving Horowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=8TwfWRr21zEC Ideology and the Ideologists]'' (Transaction Publishers, 2010) ISBN 1412814421, p. 141</ref> When the bourgeois<ref>"M. Doumic on Victor Hugo as a Bourgeois," Boston ''Transcript'' (reprinted in Theodore Stanton, "M. René Doumic," New York ''Evening Post'', March 24, 1898, as cited in [http://books.google.com/books?id=Y94aAAAAYAAJ ''Public Opinion'', Vol. XXIV, No. 12] (January-June, 1898), p. 374</ref> Victor Hugo, a cultural Catholic,<ref>John Andrew Frey, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=olFboDm4bcgC A Victor Hugo encyclopedia]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999) ISBN 0313298963, p. 222</ref> defended Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer scapegoated by the French army, the French socialist press published a manifesto denouncing Hugo's crusade on the grounds that Jewish capitalists would use the rehabilitation of a single Jew to wash out "all the sins of Israel."<ref>Joseph Telushkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=bIHtJzYCkqEC Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History]'' (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 0061374989, p. 275</ref> The socialism of Fourier,<ref>Fourier called Jews “parasites, merchants, and usurers.” (Julia Franklin, trans., ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w2CgXn5jAm8C Selections from the works of Fourier]'' [S. Sonnenschein & co., lim., 1901], p. 96, n. 1. Cf. Bernard Lewis, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GteStbiDEjAC Semites and anti-Semites: An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice]'' [W. W. Norton & Company, 1999] ISBN 0393318397, p. 111) Fourier's disciple, Alphonse Toussenel, wrote that "Europe is entailed to the domination of Israel" (William Oliver Coleman, "[http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v035/35.4coleman.html Anti-Semitism in Anti-economics]," ''History of Political Economy'', Vol. 35, No. 4 [Winter 2003], pp. 759-777); "[I]ndustrial feudalism"—as he called capitalism—"is personified in the cosmopolitan Jew." Jacob Katz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FeH_uNpWbZAC From prejudice to destruction: anti-Semitism, 1700-1933]'' (Harvard University Press, 1980) ISBN 0674325079, p. 125</ref> Proudhon,<ref>Proudon called Jews “the race which poisons everything” and “the enemy of the human race.” Norman Podhoretz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=QUfFP_Q_nqIC Why are Jews Liberals?]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 0385529198, p. 62. He wrote, "This race must be sent back to Asia, or exterminated." Daniel Halévy and Pierre Haubtmann, eds., ''Carnets de P.J. Proudhon'' (Paris: Marcel Rivière, 1961), Vol. II, p. 337; Vol. VI, p. 178</ref> Bakunin<ref>Bakunin called Jews “an exploiting sect, a bloodsucking people, a unique devouring parasite.” Robert S. Wistrich, “[http://leobaeck.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/37/1/111 Socialism and Judeophobia: Antisemitism in Europe before 1914],” ''Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'', Vol. 37, No. 1 (January 1992), pp. 111-145</ref> and Beatrice Webb<ref>Webb wrote that “the strongest impelling motive of the Jewish race” was “the love of ''profit'' as distinct from other forms of money-earning.” (Italics in original.) Beatrice Webb, “East London Labour,” ''[http://books.google.com/bookes?id=udcaAAAAYAAJ The Nineteenth Century]'', Vol. XXIV (July-December 1888), p. 176. "Jew moneylenders," complained H.M. Hyndman's ''Justice, Organ of the Social Democracy'' (the first Marxist periodical in England), "now control nearly every Foreign Office in Europe." Guido Kisch, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5h8WAAAAIAAJ Historia judaica: a journal of studies in Jewish history, especially in legal and economic history of the Jews'', Volumes 13-14] (Historia Judaica, 1951), p. 44. (On ''Justice'' generally, see Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC Dictionary of nineteenth-century journalism in Great Britain and Ireland]'' [Academia Press, 2009] ISBN 9038213409, p. 328)</ref> was inseperable from this crude and vicious anti-Semitism, portraying Jews as exploiters, leeches and parasites.<ref>Edmund Silberner, “The Anti-Semitic Tradition in Modern Socialism,” ''Scripta Hierosolymitana'', vol. III (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1956), pp.378-379</ref> − − During the 19th century, the center of left-wing anti-Semitism gradually shifted from Paris to Vienna, where the "radical-democratic and nationalist left wing" was headed by German Liberal Party leader Georg von Schönerer,<ref>Viktor Karády, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=4hGg9rMQpEEC The Jews of Europe in the modern era: a socio-historical outline]'' (Central European University Press, 2004) ISBN 9639241520, p. 360</ref> one of a group of "left-wing German liberals" who demanded "the exclusion of Jews from the new movement and as far as possible from public life";<ref>Robert A. Kann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cG570mijBF4C A history of the Habsburg Empire, 1526-1918]'' (University of California Press, 1980) ISBN 0520042069, p. 433</ref> Hitler would later ascribe to Schönerer "the wisdom of a prophet."<ref>Adolf Hitler, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EBUBUEeUwxUC Mein Kampf: zwei Bände in einem Band'', Vol. 1], 40th ed., (Bottom of the Hill, 1938) ISBN 1935785079, p. 93</ref> In late 19th century Germany, a popular critical view held that capitalism was a product of Jewish culture.<ref>Cristobal Young, "[http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/3/0/8/9/5/pages308953/p308953-1.php Christianity, Judaism, and the Spirit of Capitalism: The Weber-Sombart Debates]," Department of Sociology, − Princeton University, p. 1</ref> Adolf Stöcker, leader of the left-wing Christian Social Party, wrote, "I see in unrestrained capitalism the evil of our epoch and am naturally also an opponent of modern Judaism on account of my socio-political views."<ref>Peter G. J. Pulzer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=zCoUo84hXDEC The rise of political anti-semitism in Germany & Austria]'' (Harvard University Press, 1988) ISBN 0674771664, p. 95. "The anti-semitic ideology is usually embedded into a worldview, which ‘explains’ the evils of modern capitalist society," says one "Berlin-based antifascist, anti-capitalist group." "Capitalism in this worldview is not seen as a process, which arises following its own structural logic without a particular leadership, but rather as an exploitative project consciously put into effect by evil people. Historically, this way of thinking emerged in the 19th century in Europe in a time of to the rapid spread of capitalist society and the social upheavals this triggered. The anti-Semitic worldview thus consists of personification for non-understood economic and social procedures and draws upon the picture of the ‘Jewish capitalist’ that is deeply embedded in Western culture, which for centuries associated Jews with money. It can be displayed in talk of ‘the capitalists’ who ‘pull the strings’ from ‘the US East Coast’, ‘dominate the world’ and just can’t get enough with their ‘greed’." TOP Berlin, [http://shiftmag.co.uk/?p=73 Make a foreshortened critique of capitalism history!: Without a radical critique every action becomes mere activism - reflections on the anti-G8 mobilisation 2007], shiftmag.co.uk, No. 1</ref> Meanwhile, Adam Müller, leader of the anti-capitalist right, said, “The Jewish messiah, the Antichrist, has come to earth in the guise of the steam engine, and this in order to speed up the end of the world.”<ref>George L. Mosse, [http://history.wisc.edu/mosse/george_mosse/summaries/jewish_history_lecture7.htm Modern Jewish History - Summary: Lecture #7], March 1, 1971, George L. Mosse Program in History, Department of History, University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref> According to Tyler Cowen, professor of economics at George Mason University: − {{cquote|German writers picked up on earlier anti-Enlightenment theories of a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy to rule the world. During the French Revolution, the Jews, along with the Masons, were identified as forces for liberalism, secularism, and capitalism. German writers quickly found the Jews to be a more popular target than the Masons, perhaps because they were more visible or more different. The originally Judeo-Masonic theories eventually discarded the other conspirators, such as the Templars and the Illuminati, and focused on the Jews.<ref>Tyler Cowen, "[http://www.thefreemanonline.org/featured/the-socialist-roots-of-modern-anti-semitism/ The Socialist Roots of Modern Anti-Semitism]," ''The Freeman'' (Foundation for Economic Education), January 1997</ref>}} − − According to Henry L. Feingold, director of the Jewish Resource Center at Baruch College, "socialism contained the seeds to become the anti-Semitism of the intellectuals of the Left."<ref>Henry L. Feingold, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=-ZrhFjuebEEC Lest memory cease: finding meaning in the American Jewish past]'' (Syracuse University Press, 1996) ISBN 0815604009, p. 81</ref> In the 20th century, those seeds took root and grew into a forest bearing poisonous fruit: Stalinist Russia,<ref>See Konstantin Azadovskii and Boris Egorov, "[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~hpcws/egorov.htm From Anti-Westernism to Anti-Semitism]," ''Journal of Cold War Studies'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 2002), pp. 66-80. Cf. Louis Rapoport, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=5rZtAAAAMAAJ Stalin's war against the Jews: the doctors' plot and the Soviet solution]'' (Free Press, 1990) ISBN 0029258219. Even after Stalin's death, Soviet anti-Semitism persisted: − :"Since World War II Jews and Judaism have been liberated in every country and territory where capitalism has been restored to vigorous growth—and this includes Germany. By contrast, wherever anticapitalism or precapitalism has prevailed the status of Jews and Judaism has either undergone deterioration or is highly precarious. Thus at this very moment the country where developing global capitalism is most advanced, the United States, accords Jews and Judaism a freedom that is known nowhere else in the world and that was never known in the past. It is a freedom that is not matched even in Israel.... By contrast, in the Soviet Union, the citadel of anticapitalism, the Jews are cowed by anti-Semitism, threatened by extinction, and barred from access to their God." Ellis Rivkin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MUk1SwAACAAJ The shaping of Jewish history: A radical new interpretation],'' (C. Scribner's Sons, 1971) ISBN 0684132362, p. 240</ref> East Germany,<ref>According to Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal, during the Six Day War on Israel in 1967, the East German Communist regime used former Nazi propagandists to write anti-Israeli propaganda, with the substitution of a few words such as “Israeli” for “Jew” and “progressive forces” for “National Socialism.” Simon Wiesenthal, ''The Same Language: First for Hitler—Now for Ulbricht'' (Bonn: Rolf Vogel, Deutschland Berichte, 1968), as cited in Jeffrey Herf, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=yahqnBEEbQEC Divided memory: the Nazi past in the two Germanys]'' (Harvard University Press, 1997) ISBN 0674213033, p. 189</ref> the Tupamoros-West Berlin,<ref>This Communist revolutionary terrorist group, headed by Dieter Kunzelmann, attempted to bomb Berlin's Jewish Community Center during a commemoration of the anniversary of ''Kristallnacht'' in 1969. Walter Laqueur, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' (Oxford University Press US, 2006) ISBN 0195304292, p. 147. Kunzelmann later became a leader of the Green Party. Aribert Reimann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=MGKnrkMmY5cC Dieter Kunzelmann: Avantgardist, Protestler, Radikaler],'' (Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009), ISBN 3525370105, pp. 274-286</ref> the Red Brigade Faction,<ref>Ulrike Meinhof, a leader of this terrorist revolutionary Communist group, stated: "Auschwitz means that six million Jews were murdered and carted on to the rubbish dumps of Europe for being that which was maintained of them—Money-Jews." ("''Auschwitz heisst, das sechs Millionen Juden ermordet und auf die Müllkippen Europas gekarrt wurden als das, als was man sie ausgab — als Geldjuden.''") Robert S. Wistrich, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=acBtAAAAMAAJ Hitler's apocalypse: Jews and the Nazi legacy]'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985) ISBN 0297787195, p. 230. Another founder of this revolutionary group, Horst Mahler, was later revealed to have been an [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/aug/01/baader-meinhof-gang-founder-stasi informant for the Stasi], the secret police of Communist East Germany.</ref> the Revolutionary Cells (''Revolutionäre Zellen'')<ref> This German Communist terrorist group joined with the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (a [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/africa/27iht-obits.1.9523942.html hard-line Marxist] terrorist group) to hijack an Air France flight to Entebbe, Uganda, where they singled out the Jewish passengers in a plot to murder them. Stephen E. Atkins, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=b8k4rEPvq_8C Encyclopedia of modern worldwide extremists and extremist groups]'' (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) ISBN 0313324859, p. 277</ref> and the Sandinistas.<ref>A newspaper supported by the [http://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/timeline-nicaragua.php Marxist-Leninist] Sandinista government of Nicaragua proclaimed that "the world's money, banking and finance are in the hands of descendants of Jews.... [C]ontrolling economic power, they control political power as now happens in the United States." (''El Nuevo Diario'', July 17, 1982, as cited in Porfirio R. Solórzano, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=tFwSAQAAIAAJ The Nirex Collection: Nicaraguan Revolution Extracts, Twelve Years, 1978-1990, Vol VII: Of War and Peace]'' [Litex, 1993] ISBN 1877970018) "In 1979 many of the country's approximately 250 Jews fled abroad in the face of persecution and imprisonment by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN). The FSLN bombed and partially destroyed the country's only synagogue, then confiscated the property shortly afterward and converted it into a youth training camp." Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5681.htm Nicaragua], Annual Report on International Religious Freedom (U.S. Department of State, 2001)</ref> In the 21st century it has festered into full flower, with the embrace of Islamist anti-Semitism by the Left.<ref>"Although traditional Trotskyite ideology is in no way close to radical Islamic teachings and the shariah, since the radical Islamists also subscribed to anticapitalism, antiglobalism, and anti-Americanism, there seemed to be sufficient common ground for an alliance. Thus, the militants of the far left began to march side by side with the radical Islamists in demonstrations, denouncing American aggression and Israeli crimes. In Britain a new political party named Respect was established, uniting Trotskyites, Stalinists, Muslim Brotherhood militants, and similar groups." (Walter Laquer, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=xMGeXXBSY8wC The changing face of antisemitism: from ancient times to the present day]'' [Oxford University Press US, 2006] ISBN 0195304292, p. 186). The European Union's European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia decided not to publish its comprehensive study of the causes of anti-Semitism in Europe, a source familiar with the report told London's ''Financial Times'', after the report uncovered "a trend towards Muslim anti-Semitism," and that "on the left there is also mobilization against Israel that is not always free of prejudice." (Reuters, "[http://www.haaretz.com/news/eu-racism-watchdog-shelves-anti-semitism-report-1.106473 EU racism watchdog shelves anti-Semitism report]," ''Haaretz'', November 22, 2003). Michael Neumann, Professor of Philosophy at Canada's Trent University, writes that he wants to “help the Palestinians.... I am not interested in the truth, or justice, or understanding, or anything else, except so far as it serves that purpose. If an effective strategy means that some truths about the Jews don’t come to light, I don’t care. If an effective strategy means encouraging reasonable anti-Semitism, or reasonable hostility to Jews, I also don’t care. If it means encouraging vicious racist anti-Semitism, or the destruction of the State of Israel, I still don’t care.” (Yoni Petel, "Antisemitism on Campus: A Student's Perspective," League for Human Rights, B'nai B'rith of Canada, ''[http://www.bnaibrith.ca/briefs/klein/klein030925.html Submission to the Special Rapporteur on Racism]'', Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, September 25, 2003) According to the progressive magazine ''Tikkun'', "A.N.S.W.E.R. refuses to acknowledge or support the right of the Jewish people to national self-determination—though it supports that right for every other group with a history of oppression. When Jews are denied the rights of others, it is a tell-tale sign of anti-Semitism." ("[http://web.archive.org/web/20041019075845/http://www.tikkun.org/magazine/index.cfm/action/tikkun/issue/tik0305/article/030512a.html Authoritarianism and Anti-Semitism in the Anti-War Movement?]," ''Tikkun'', May-June 2003). "[L]eftists who despise their own capitalist societies inevitably come to sympathize with militants—communists, Tier-mondistes, Islamists, it doesn't make any difference—who attack those societies from without. Right now, the only corner of the world putting up any sort of serious ideological fight against Western-style capitalism and liberalism is the Muslim Middle East. So, just as the left uncritically swallowed Stalin's propaganda in the 1930s, expect the left to increasingly swallow Arabist propaganda in our own era. And since one of the key elements of Arabist propaganda is a hatred of Israel and a suspicion of Jews, these building blocks of anti-Semitism will become more and more a part of mainstream leftist discourse." (Johnathan Kay, quoted in Jamie Glazov, Symposium: "[http://archive.frontpagemag.com/readArticle.aspx?ARTID=19272 Anti-Semitism - the New Call of the Left]," FrontPageMagazine.com, March 14, 2003) Thus by 2009, the "progressive" webzine Counterpunch.org (edited by Alexander Cockburn, son of Soviet agent [Chapman Pincher, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=netJI5stGlwC Treachery: Betrayals, Blunders, and Cover-ups: Six Decades of Espionage against America and Great Britain]'' (Random House, Inc., 2009) ISBN 140006807X, pp. 43-47] Claud Cockburn) could publish a revival of the "Blood Libel," alleging that Israeli Jews were killing Palestinian Muslims to harvest their organs. (Alison Weir, "[http://www.counterpunch.org/weir08282009.html Israeli Organ Harvesting]," Counterpunch.org, August 28-30, 2009) Cf. David Horowitz, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=azE5qoXTgoAC Unholy alliance: radical Islam and the American left]'' (Regnery Publishing, 2004) ISBN 089526076X, p. 148</ref>
→Left-wing anti-Semitism
"Marx argues that the Jew will have to cast off his 'Jewishness'—that is, his mean and grasping ways," writes Lindemann, "in order to become fully human."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> Marx expresses a "bitter grudge against Judaism which borders on the desire to see it destroyed," wrote long-time ''Haaretz'' editor Moshe Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 20</ref> “Marx’s position is essentially an assimilationist one," according to Ray, "in which there is no room within emancipated humanity for Jews as a separate ethnic or cultural identity.”<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the radical critique of difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> "Jews, Marx seems to be saying, can only become free when, as Jews, they no longer exist," observes Fischman.<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> Marx's "solution of the Jewish question was not very different from Adolf Hitler's," comments Marx's biographer Robert Payne, "for it involved the liquidation of Judaism...."<ref>Robert Payne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cA4YAAAAIAAJ Marx]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1968) as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70</ref> Indeed, Marx's anti-Semitic rhetoric “may have contributed mightily to the bloodshed and the fire to come,” writes Max Geltman.<ref>Max Geltman, “[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/geltman.pdf On Socialist Anti-Semitism]," ''Midstream'', vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1977), p. 25</ref> "[T]he net result of Marx's essay is to reinforce a traditional anti-Jewish stereotype," concludes Wisrich, "the identification of the Jews with money-making—in the sharpest possible manner."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Hl8MAQAAMAAJ Soviet Jewish Affairs'', Vol. 4, No. 1], (Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1974), p. 56</ref> Marx "did not hesitate to besmirch the traditions of the Jewish people and to place a sword in the hands of its enemies," writes Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 15</ref> Even Kovel, former Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, concedes, "No attempt to read these pages as a play on words can conceal the hostility which infuses them, and is precisely directed against the identity of the Jew."<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Of this essay, Gérard Lyon-Caen, professor of labor law at the University of Paris, concludes:
"Marx argues that the Jew will have to cast off his 'Jewishness'—that is, his mean and grasping ways," writes Lindemann, "in order to become fully human."<ref>Albert S. Lindemann, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=NagdhSUgB9oC Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews]'' (Cambridge University Press, 2000) ISBN 0521795389, p. 163</ref> Marx expresses a "bitter grudge against Judaism which borders on the desire to see it destroyed," wrote long-time ''Haaretz'' editor Moshe Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 20</ref> “Marx’s position is essentially an assimilationist one," according to Ray, "in which there is no room within emancipated humanity for Jews as a separate ethnic or cultural identity.”<ref>Larry Ray, “[http://www.engageonline.org.uk/journal/index.php?journal_id=12&article_id=49 Marx and the radical critique of difference],” ''Engage'', Issue 3 (September 2006)</ref> "Jews, Marx seems to be saying, can only become free when, as Jews, they no longer exist," observes Fischman.<ref>Dennis K. Fischman, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=6iqVtOAr8jgC Political discourse in exile: Karl Marx and the Jewish question]'' (Univ of Massachusetts Press, 1991) ISBN 0870237462, p. 13</ref> Marx's "solution of the Jewish question was not very different from Adolf Hitler's," comments Marx's biographer Robert Payne, "for it involved the liquidation of Judaism...."<ref>Robert Payne, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=cA4YAAAAIAAJ Marx]'' (Simon and Schuster, 1968) as cited in William Otto Henderson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=a9BvGA43rAQC Marx and Engels and the English workers: and other essays]'' (Psychology Press, 1989) ISBN 0714633348, p. 70</ref> Indeed, Marx's anti-Semitic rhetoric “may have contributed mightily to the bloodshed and the fire to come,” writes Max Geltman.<ref>Max Geltman, “[http://www.paulbogdanor.com/antisemitism/geltman.pdf On Socialist Anti-Semitism]," ''Midstream'', vol. 23, no. 3 (March 1977), p. 25</ref> "[T]he net result of Marx's essay is to reinforce a traditional anti-Jewish stereotype," concludes Wisrich, "the identification of the Jews with money-making—in the sharpest possible manner."<ref>''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Hl8MAQAAMAAJ Soviet Jewish Affairs'', Vol. 4, No. 1], (Institute of Jewish Affairs, World Jewish Congress, 1974), p. 56</ref> Marx "did not hesitate to besmirch the traditions of the Jewish people and to place a sword in the hands of its enemies," writes Glickson.<ref>Moshe Glickson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=G5fiAAAAMAAJ The Jewish complex of Karl Marx]'', J. S. Abba, tr. (Herzl Press, 1961), p. 15</ref> Even Kovel, former Alger Hiss Professor of Social Studies at Bard College, concedes, "No attempt to read these pages as a play on words can conceal the hostility which infuses them, and is precisely directed against the identity of the Jew."<ref>Joel Kovel, “[http://www.springerlink.com/content/p2q3w7416w7h1516/ Marx on the Jewish Question],” ''Dialectical Anthropology'', Vol. 8, No. 1-2, (1983) pp.31-46</ref> Of this essay, Gérard Lyon-Caen, professor of labor law at the University of Paris, concludes:
{{cquote|To say that it was at the origin of modern anti-Semitism would very certainly be excessive. But to put forward the theory that it encouraged certain anti-Semitic currents in capitalistic countries or even in countries which were freed from capitalism seems hard to dispute.<ref>Gérard Lyon-Caen, "Marx et le droit moderne", ''Archives de philosophie du droit'', No. XII, Paris, Sirey, 1967, p. 1-11 (as cited in Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 557, n. 150</ref>}}
{{cquote|To say that it was at the origin of modern anti-Semitism would very certainly be excessive. But to put forward the theory that it encouraged certain anti-Semitic currents in capitalistic countries or even in countries which were freed from capitalism seems hard to dispute.<ref>Gérard Lyon-Caen, "Marx et le droit moderne", ''Archives de philosophie du droit'', No. XII, Paris, Sirey, 1967, p. 1-11 (as cited in Léon Poliakov, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=w39m4aohL9gC The History of Anti-semitism: From Voltaire to Wagner]'' (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003) ISBN 0812218655, p. 557, n. 150</ref>}}
===Notes===
===Notes===
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