Changes

==History==

==History==

Tipler has published his Omega Point Theory in a number of peer-reviewed scientific journals since 1986.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.springerlink.com/content/vlj3180664373268/ "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref><ref name="Tipler1987">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/325201c0 "Achieved spacetime infinity"], ''Nature'', Vol. 325, No. 6101 (January 15, 1987), pp. 201-202, {{doi|10.1038/325201c0}}, {{bibcode|1987Natur.325..201T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1988">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/192869 "The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers"], ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association'', Vol. 1988, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers (1988), pp. 27-48; published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association.</ref><ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.chimehost.net/pdf/tipler-omega-point-as-eschaton.pdf "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists"], ''Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0812693256, {{lccn|97000114}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1992">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVN-46YD4D5-12T&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41358cdcea2b6a49f87ce3f8c2667600 "The ultimate fate of life in universes which undergo inflation"], ''Physics Letters B'', Vol. 286, Issues 1-2 (July 23, 1992), pp. 36-43, {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(92)90155-W}}, {{bibcode|1992PhLB..286...36T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1993">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-constant-mean-curvature-foliation.pdf "A New Condition Implying the Existence of a Constant Mean Curvature Foliation"], {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf..306T}}, in B. L. Hu and T. A. Jacobson (editors), ''Directions in General Relativity: Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium, Maryland, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of Dieter Brill'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), pp. 306-315, ISBN 0521452678, {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf.....H}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbXJZiX5 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler1998">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-ultrarelativistic-rockets.pdf "Ultrarelativistic Rockets and the Ultimate Future of the Universe"], [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990023204_1999021520.pdf ''NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings''], [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], January 1999, pp. 111-119 ([http://www.webcitation.org/5nY13xRip mirror link]); an invited paper in the proceedings of a conference held at and sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, August 12–14, 1998; {{doi|2060/19990023204}}. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntk=DocumentID&Ntt=19990023204 Document ID: 19990023204]. Report Number: E-11429; NAS 1.55:208694; NASA/CP-1999-208694. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nwu4fT31 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler2001">Frank J. Tipler, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104011 "The Ultimate Future of the Universe, Black Hole Event Horizon Topologies, Holography, and the Value of the Cosmological Constant"], {{arxiv|astro-ph/0104011}}, April 1, 2001. Published in J. Craig Wheeler and Hugo Martel (editors), [http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=586&Issue=1 ''Relativistic Astrophysics: 20th Texas Symposium, Austin, TX, 10-15 December 2000''] (Melville, N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 2001), pp. 769-772, ISBN 0735400261, {{lccn|2001094694}}, which is [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/586/769/1 ''AIP Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 586 (October 15, 2001)], {{doi|10.1063/1.1419654}}, {{bibcode|2001AIPC..586.....W}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2003"/><ref name="Tipler2005"/><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], {{arxiv|gr-qc/0003082}}, March 20, 2000. Published in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986's ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow and Tipler, wherein they concluded the book by writing that<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by John A. Wheeler, ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{lccn|85004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>

Tipler has published his Omega Point Theory in a number of peer-reviewed scientific journals since 1986.<ref name="Tipler1986">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.host56.com/pdf/Tipler-Cosmological-Limits-on-Computation.pdf "Cosmological Limits on Computation"], ''International Journal of Theoretical Physics'', Vol. 25, No. 6 (June 1986), pp. 617-661, {{doi|10.1007/BF00670475}}, {{bibcode|1986IJTP...25..617T}}. Also available [http://www.webcitation.org/64KHgOccs here]. (First paper on the Omega Point Theory.)</ref><ref name="Tipler1987">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/325201c0 "Achieved spacetime infinity"], ''Nature'', Vol. 325, No. 6101 (January 15, 1987), pp. 201-202, {{doi|10.1038/325201c0}}, {{bibcode|1987Natur.325..201T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1988">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/192869 "The Anthropic Principle: A Primer for Philosophers"], ''PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association'', Vol. 1988, Volume Two: Symposia and Invited Papers (1988), pp. 27-48; published by University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association.</ref><ref name="Tipler1989">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.chimehost.net/pdf/tipler-omega-point-as-eschaton.pdf "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions for Scientists"], ''Zygon: Journal of Religion & Science'', Vol. 24, Issue 2 (June 1989), pp. 217-253, {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-9744.1989.tb01112.x}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nY0aytpz Mirror link]. Republished as Chapter 7: "The Omega Point as ''Eschaton'': Answers to Pannenberg's Questions to Scientists" in Carol Rausch Albright and Joel Haugen (editors), ''Beginning with the End: God, Science, and Wolfhart Pannenberg'' (Chicago, Ill.: Open Court Publishing Company, 1997), pp. 156-194, ISBN 0812693256, {{lccn|97000114}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1992">Frank J. Tipler, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TVN-46YD4D5-12T&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=41358cdcea2b6a49f87ce3f8c2667600 "The ultimate fate of life in universes which undergo inflation"], ''Physics Letters B'', Vol. 286, Issues 1-2 (July 23, 1992), pp. 36-43, {{doi|10.1016/0370-2693(92)90155-W}}, {{bibcode|1992PhLB..286...36T}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler1993">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-constant-mean-curvature-foliation.pdf "A New Condition Implying the Existence of a Constant Mean Curvature Foliation"], {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf..306T}}, in B. L. Hu and T. A. Jacobson (editors), ''Directions in General Relativity: Proceedings of the 1993 International Symposium, Maryland, Volume 2: Papers in Honor of Dieter Brill'' (Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]], 1993), pp. 306-315, ISBN 0521452678, {{bibcode|1993dgr2.conf.....H}}. [http://www.webcitation.org/5qbXJZiX5 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler1998">Frank J. Tipler, [http://theophysics.ifastnet.com/pdf/tipler-ultrarelativistic-rockets.pdf "Ultrarelativistic Rockets and the Ultimate Future of the Universe"], [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19990023204_1999021520.pdf ''NASA Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Workshop Proceedings''], [[NASA|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], January 1999, pp. 111-119 ([http://www.webcitation.org/5nY13xRip mirror link]); an invited paper in the proceedings of a conference held at and sponsored by NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, August 12–14, 1998; {{doi|2060/19990023204}}. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?Ntk=DocumentID&Ntt=19990023204 Document ID: 19990023204]. Report Number: E-11429; NAS 1.55:208694; NASA/CP-1999-208694. [http://www.webcitation.org/5nwu4fT31 Mirror link].</ref><ref name="Tipler2001">Frank J. Tipler, [http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0104011 "The Ultimate Future of the Universe, Black Hole Event Horizon Topologies, Holography, and the Value of the Cosmological Constant"], {{arxiv|astro-ph/0104011}}, April 1, 2001. Published in J. Craig Wheeler and Hugo Martel (editors), [http://scitation.aip.org/dbt/dbt.jsp?KEY=APCPCS&Volume=586&Issue=1 ''Relativistic Astrophysics: 20th Texas Symposium, Austin, TX, 10-15 December 2000''] (Melville, N.Y.: American Institute of Physics, 2001), pp. 769-772, ISBN 0735400261, {{lccn|2001094694}}, which is [http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/586/769/1 ''AIP Conference Proceedings'', Vol. 586 (October 15, 2001)], {{doi|10.1063/1.1419654}}, {{bibcode|2001AIPC..586.....W}}.</ref><ref name="Tipler2003"/><ref name="Tipler2005"/><ref name="Tipler2007">Frank J. Tipler, Jessica Graber, Matthew McGinley, Joshua Nichols-Barrer and Christopher Staecker, [http://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0003082 "Closed Universes With Black Holes But No Event Horizons As a Solution to the Black Hole Information Problem"], {{arxiv|gr-qc/0003082}}, March 20, 2000. Published in ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'', Vol. 379, Issue 2 (August 2007), pp. 629-640, {{doi|10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.11895.x}}, {{bibcode|2007MNRAS.379..629T}}.</ref> The first book wherein the Omega Point Theory was described was 1986's ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'', written by astrophysicist John D. Barrow and Tipler, wherein they concluded the book by writing that<ref name="BarrowTipler1986a">John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler, "Foreword" by John A. Wheeler, ''The Anthropic Cosmological Principle'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986), pp. 676-677, ISBN 0198519494, {{lccn|85004824}}, {{bibcode|1986acp..book.....B}}. [http://www.dhushara.com/book/quantcos/anth/anth.htm Excerpt from Chapter 1].</ref>

<blockquote>if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life continues to exist in all of these universes, then ''all'' of these universes, which include ''all'' possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of ''all'' matter and forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically possible; life will have spread into ''all'' spatial regions in all universes which could logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including ''all'' bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.</blockquote>

<blockquote>if life evolves in all of the many universes in a quantum cosmology, and if life continues to exist in all of these universes, then ''all'' of these universes, which include ''all'' possible histories among them, will approach the Omega Point. At the instant the Omega Point is reached, life will have gained control of ''all'' matter and forces not only in a single universe, but in all universes whose existence is logically possible; life will have spread into ''all'' spatial regions in all universes which could logically exist, and will have stored an infinite amount of information, including ''all'' bits of knowledge which it is logically possible to know. And this is the end.</blockquote>

In 2007 Tipler's book ''The Physics of Christianity'' was published, which gives an update to the latest findings of the Omega Point Theory and also analyzes its pertinence to [[Christianity|Christian theology]].<ref name="Tipler2007b">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref> In the book Tipler identifies the Omega Point as being the [[Judeo-Christian]] [[God]], particularly as described by [[Christianity|Christian]] theological tradition, e.g., that the Omega Point cosmology when formulated in multiversal terms (of which multiverse conception isn't necessary for the physics upon which the Omega Point itself is based) is fundamentally triune in its structure: the Final Singularity (i.e., the Omega Point), the All-Presents Singularity (which Tipler states exists at all times at the edge of the multiverse), and the Initial Singularity (i.e., the beginning of the [[Big Bang]]), which Tipler identifies with [[God the Father#Christianity|the Father]], [[Jesus|the Son]] and the [[Holy Spirit]], respectively (successively, the First, Second and Third Persons of the [[Trinity]]).

In 2007 Tipler's book ''The Physics of Christianity'' was published, which gives an update to the latest findings of the Omega Point Theory and also analyzes its pertinence to [[Christianity|Christian theology]].<ref name="Tipler2007b">Frank J. Tipler, ''The Physics of Christianity'' (New York: Doubleday, 2007), ISBN 0385514247, {{lccn|2006039028}}. [http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780385514248&view=excerpt Chapter I and excerpt from Chapter II]. Chapter I also available [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/Chapter_1._Introduction.doc here].</ref> In the book Tipler identifies the Omega Point as being the [[Judeo-Christian]] [[God]], particularly as described by [[Christianity|Christian]] theological tradition, e.g., that the Omega Point cosmology when formulated in multiversal terms (of which multiverse conception isn't necessary for the physics upon which the Omega Point itself is based) is fundamentally triune in its structure: the Final Singularity (i.e., the Omega Point), the All-Presents Singularity (which Tipler states exists at all times at the edge of the multiverse), and the Initial Singularity (i.e., the beginning of the [[Big Bang]]), which Tipler identifies with [[God the Father#Christianity|the Father]], [[Jesus|the Son]] and the [[Holy Spirit]], respectively (successively, the First, Second and Third Persons of the [[Trinity]]).

In this book Tipler also analyzes how [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] could have performed the miracles attributed to him in the [[New Testament]] without violating any known laws of physics, even if one were to assume that we currently don't exist on a level of implementation in a computer simulation (in the case that we did, then according to Tipler such miracles would be trivially easy to perform for the society which was running the simulation, even though it would seem amazing from our perspective). This proposed process uses [[baryon]] annihilation by way of electroweak quantum tunneling, and the inverse of this process, caused via the principle of least action by the requirement of the existence of the final Omega Point cosmological singularity. Tipler also proposes that the [[virgin birth|virgin birth of Jesus]] by [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] could be possible via Jesus being a special type of XX male who obtained all of his genetic material from Mary (i.e., an instance of [[parthenogenesis]]). If the [[Incarnation]] of Jesus Christ and the miracles attributed to him in the New Testament were necessary in order to lead to the formation of the Omega Point—and if the Omega Point is a physical necessity—then according to Tipler the probability of these events occuring is certain. Furthermore, Tipler proposes tests on particular relics associated with Jesus which, if the relics are genuine, could verify whether in fact said miracles took place via the aforementioned mechanisms. Tipler writes in this book that miracles, if they indeed exist, do not violate physical law, but instead are events which are so improbable that they would only be likely to occur within human history via the least-action principle if the universe is required to evolve into the Omega Point.

In this book Tipler also analyzes how [[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] could have performed the miracles attributed to him in the [[New Testament]] without violating any known laws of physics, even if one were to assume that we currently don't exist on a level of implementation in a computer simulation (in the case that we did, then according to Tipler such miracles would be trivially easy to perform for the society which was running the simulation, even though it would seem amazing from our perspective). This proposed process uses [[baryon]] annihilation by way of electroweak quantum tunneling, and the inverse of this process, caused via the principle of least action by the requirement of the existence of the final Omega Point cosmological singularity. Tipler also proposes that the [[virgin birth|virgin birth of Jesus]] by [[Mary (mother of Jesus)|Mary]] could be possible via Jesus being a special type of XX male who obtained all of his genetic material from Mary (i.e., an instance of [[parthenogenesis]]). If the [[Incarnation]] of Jesus Christ and the miracles attributed to him in the New Testament were necessary in order to lead to the formation of the Omega Point—and if the Omega Point is a physical necessity—then according to Tipler the probability of these events occurring is certain. Furthermore, Tipler proposes tests on particular relics associated with Jesus which, if the relics are genuine, could verify whether in fact said miracles took place via the aforementioned mechanisms. Tipler writes in this book that miracles, if they indeed exist, do not violate physical law, but instead are events which are so improbable that they would only be likely to occur within human history via the least-action principle if the universe is required to evolve into the Omega Point.

''The Physics of Christianity'' shows a change from Tipler's earlier position within ''The Physics of Immortality'' regarding [[theism]] and Christianity. In the opening paragraph of Chapter XII: "The Omega Point and Christianity" of ''The Physics of Immortality'', Tipler wrote the following:

''The Physics of Christianity'' shows a change from Tipler's earlier position within ''The Physics of Immortality'' regarding [[theism]] and Christianity. In the opening paragraph of Chapter XII: "The Omega Point and Christianity" of ''The Physics of Immortality'', Tipler wrote the following:

* [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/summary.html "The Omega Point Theory"], at Tipler's website. Also available [http://129.81.170.14/~tipler/summary.html here].

* [http://www.math.tulane.edu/~tipler/summary.html "The Omega Point Theory"], at Tipler's website. Also available [http://129.81.170.14/~tipler/summary.html here].

* [http://theophysics.chimehost.net ''Theophysics'']. A website with information on Tipler's Omega Point Theory. [http://theophysics.host56.com Mirror site].

* [http://theophysics.chimehost.net ''Theophysics'']. A website with information on Tipler's Omega Point Theory. [http://theophysics.host56.com Mirror site].

* James Redford, [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1974708 "The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything"], ''Social Science Research Network'' (''SSRN''), December 22, 2011 (orig. pub. December 19, 2011). Also available [http://www.webcitation.org/647p0tJfa here].

* James Redford, [http://ssrn.com/abstract=1974708 "The Physics of God and the Quantum Gravity Theory of Everything"], ''Social Science Research Network'' (''SSRN''), December 30, 2011 (orig. pub. December 19, 2011). Also available [http://www.webcitation.org/64LNXpTxw here].

* [http://www.closertotruth.com/participant/Frank-Tipler/109 "Tipler, Frank"], ''Closer to Truth'' ([[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] [PBS]). Contains a number of video clips of Tipler interviewed by ''Closer to Truth'' host Robert Lawrence Kuhn on the Omega Point Theory.

* [http://www.closertotruth.com/participant/Frank-Tipler/109 "Tipler, Frank"], ''Closer to Truth'' ([[PBS|Public Broadcasting Service]] [PBS]). Contains a number of video clips of Tipler interviewed by ''Closer to Truth'' host Robert Lawrence Kuhn on the Omega Point Theory.

* Video of a lecture by Tipler on the Omega Point Theory, [http://www.terasemfoundation.org/program.htm "Program for 1st Annual Workshop on Geoethical Nanotechnology"], ''Terasem Movement'', July 20, 2005: [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/wmv/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tipler56k.wmv 56 kbs WMV], [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/wmv/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tiplerdsl.wmv Broadband WMV] and [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/mov/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tiplerdsl.mov Broadband MOV]. Microsoft PowerPoint [http://www.terasemfoundation.org/webcast/ppt/Tipler.ppt file of the topics of discussion].

* Video of a lecture by Tipler on the Omega Point Theory, [http://www.terasemfoundation.org/program.htm "Program for 1st Annual Workshop on Geoethical Nanotechnology"], ''Terasem Movement'', July 20, 2005: [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/wmv/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tipler56k.wmv 56 kbs WMV], [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/wmv/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tiplerdsl.wmv Broadband WMV] and [http://mfile3.akamai.com/12032/mov/kurzweil.download.akamai.com/12032/terasem/Tiplerdsl.mov Broadband MOV]. Microsoft PowerPoint [http://www.terasemfoundation.org/webcast/ppt/Tipler.ppt file of the topics of discussion].