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'''Espionage''' refers to the act of gathering information, generally using subversive means. A person who engages in espionage is called a [[spy]].  It is carried on by Intelligence bureaus operated by the military or the government, such as the [[CIA]], [[KGB]] and [[Mossad]].

'''Espionage''' refers to the act of gathering information, generally using subversive means. A person who engages in espionage is called a [[spy]].  It is carried on by both governmental and private organizations. Intelligence bureaus operated by the military or the government, such as the [[CIA]], [[KGB]], [[MI5]] and [[Mossad]] are among the more familiar known to the public. Subcontractors and front organizations also are frequently employed.

The word ''Espionage'' comes from the [[French]] word ''espionage'', meaning literally "to spy". However, it was the Americans and Soviets who made the most historical use of espionage, during the [[Cold War]]. Almost all countries have used espionage, notably [[Israel]]<ref>http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/spyring.html</ref>, Germany during World War II, and Britain. Espionage is much less talked about today, except for ''industrial espionage'', which is what happens when one company spies on another one, or a government spy agency tries to discover corporate secrets in another country.

The word ''Espionage'' comes from the [[French]] word ''espionage'', meaning literally "to spy". However, it was the Americans and Soviets who made the most historical use of espionage, during the [[Cold War]]. Almost all countries have used espionage, notably [[Israel]],<ref>http://www.whatreallyhappened.com/spyring.html</ref> Germany during World War II, and Britain. Espionage is much less talked about today, except for ''industrial espionage'', which is what happens when one company spies on another one, or a government spy agency tries to discover corporate secrets in another country.

'''Counterintelligence''' is the business of detecting and neutralizing spies.

'''Counterintelligence''' is the business of detecting and neutralizing spies.

Famous spies include [[Mata Hari]], [[Whittaker Chambers]], [[User:Aschlafy|Andy Schlafly]], [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Alger Hiss]].

Famous spies include [[Mata Hari]], [[Whittaker Chambers]], [[Julius Rosenberg]] and [[Alger Hiss]].

==See also==

==See also==

* [[CIA]], US main spy agency

* [[CIA]], US main spy agency

* [[Stasi]], East German spies

* [[Stasi]], East German spies

* [[Venona files]], decoding Soviet spies

* [[Venona files]], decoding Soviet spies

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

* John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/Venona-Decoding-Soviet-Espionage-America/dp/0300084625/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254148086&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]

* John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr. ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America'' (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/Venona-Decoding-Soviet-Espionage-America/dp/0300084625/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1254148086&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]

* K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. ''Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security'' (2003)

* K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. ''Encyclopedia of Espionage, Intelligence and Security'' (2003)

* Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen. ''Encyclopedia of Espionage'' (1997)

* Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen. ''Encyclopedia of Espionage'' (1997)

* Trahair, Richard C. S. ''Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Richard%20C.%20S.%20Trahair&dcontributors=Richard%20C.%20S.%20Trahair online edition]  

* Trahair, Richard C. S. ''Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage, Spies, and Secret Operations'' (2004) [http://www.questia.com/SM.qst?act=adv&contributors=Richard%20C.%20S.%20Trahair&dcontributors=Richard%20C.%20S.%20Trahair online edition]

 

 

*[https://www.spymuseum.org/education-programs/spy-resources/espionage-facts/ Espionage facts]

==References==

==References==