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Line 19: − + + + − *[[Justice]], which may be divided into other annexed virtues:+ − **[[Religion]]+ − **[[Piety]]+ − **[[Gratitude]]+ − **[[Liberality]]+ − **[[Affability]]+ − *[[Temperance]], which may be divided into other annexed virtues:+ − **[[Abstinence]]+ − **[[Sobriety]]+ − **[[Chastity]]+ − **[[Continence]]+ − **[[Humility]]+ − **[[Meekness]]+ − **[[Modesty]]+ − *[[Fortitude]]+ − **[[Patience]]+ − **[[Munificence]]+ − **[[Magnanimity]]+ − **[[Perseverance]]+ + + + + − + + + +
Improved
=== Intellectual virtues ===
=== Intellectual virtues ===
Intellectual virtue may be defined as a habit perfecting the intellect.
Intellectual virtue may be defined as a habit perfecting the intellect.
There are two intellectual virtues: [[art]] and [[prudence]].
There are two intellectual virtues:
*[[Art]], the right method with regard to external productions (recta ratio factibilium)
*[[Prudence]], the right method of conduct (recta ratio agibilium)
=== Moral virtues ===
=== Moral virtues ===
Moral virtues are those which perfect the appetitive faculties of the soul, namely, the will and the sensuous appetite.
Moral virtues are those which perfect the appetitive faculties of the soul, namely, the will and the sensuous appetite.
==== [[Justice]] ====
Justice, an essentially moral virtue, regulates man in relations with his fellow-men. Justice may be divided into annexed virtues:
*[[Religion]], which regulates man in his relations to [[God]]
*[[Piety]], which disposes to the fulfillment of duties which one owes to parents and country (also [[patriotism]])
*[[Gratitude]], which inclines one to recognition of benefits received
*[[Liberality]], which restrains the immoderate affection for wealth from withholding seasonable gifts or expenses
*[[Affability]], by which one is suitably adapted to his fellow-men in social intercourse so as to behave toward each appropriately
==== [[Temperance]] ====
Temperance is that moral virtue which moderates in accordance with reason the desires and pleasures of the sensuous appetite attendant on those acts by which human nature is preserved in the individual or propagated in the species. The subordinate species of temperance are:
*[[Abstinence]], which disposes to moderation in the use of [[food]]
*[[Sobriety]], which inclines to moderation in the use of spirituous [[liquors]]
*[[Chastity]], which regulates the appetite in regard to sexual pleasures
The virtues annexed to temperance are:
*[[Continence]], which restrains the will from consenting to violent movements or concupiscence
*[[Humility]], which restrains inordinate desires of one's own excellence
*[[Meekness]], which checks inordinate movements of anger
*[[Modesty]], which consists in duly ordering the external movements of anger; to the direction of reason
==== [[Fortitude]] ====
Fortitude, which implies a certain moral strength and courage, is the virtue by which one meets and sustains dangers and difficulties, even death itself. The virtues annexed to fortitude are:
*[[Patience]], which disposes us to bear present evils with equanimity
*[[Munificence]], which disposes one to incur great expenses for the suitable doing of a great work
*[[Magnanimity]] is the virtue which regulates man with regard to honours. The magnanimous man aims at great works in every line of virtue, making it his purpose to do things worthy of great honour
*[[Perseverance]], the virtue which disposes to continuance in the accomplishment of good works in spite of the difficulties attendant upon them
=== Theological virtues ===
=== Theological virtues ===
The theological virtues are three: [[faith]], [[hope]], and [[charity]].
The theological virtues are three:
*[[Faith]] is an infused virtue, by which the intellect is perfected by a supernatural light, in virtue of which, under a supernatural movement of the will, it assents firmly to the supernatural truths of Revelation, not on the motive of intrinsic evidence, but on the sole ground of the infallible authority of God revealing
*[[Hope]] which allow us to trust, with an unshaken confidence grounded on the Divine assistance, to attain life everlasting
*[[Charity]] is that theological virtue, by which God, our ultimate end, known by supernatural light, is loved by reason of His own intrinsic goodness or amiability, and our neighbour loved on account of God
==Opposition to virtue==
==Opposition to virtue==