Changes

==United States==

==United States==

The self-provisioning yard of the colonial and Early national eras after 1840 gave way to the urban, utilitarian "outdoor basement" of the late 1800s, wior holidays, and at Christmas time many houses string out lights and some create elaborate electrical extravaganzas that draw spectators from across town.<ref> See Christopher Grampp, ''From Yard to Garden: The Domestication of America's Home Grounds'' (2008) for the standard history</ref>

The self-provisioning yard of the colonial and Early national eras after 1840 gave way to the urban, utilitarian "outdoor basement" of the late 1800s, with its privy, wood pile or coal chute, clothes line, and piles of junk. By the early 1900s front gardens were being smartened by open, mown lawns that flowed up to foundation plantings close against the house, and soon backyards were improved too. Sewers, regular garbage collection, oil-burning furnaces (replacing wood and coal), and (after 1950) clothes dryers, enabled families to create backyard family rooms, with space for entertaining, leisure, and children's play.  Outdoor habitability developed first in California, where people enjoy comfort-zone weather (65–80 degrees Fahrenheit) for most of the year. But that concept has also shaped home grounds throughout the nation. A flag is added for holidays, and at Christmas time many houses string out lights and some create elaborate electrical extravaganzas that draw spectators from across town.<ref> See Christopher Grampp, ''From Yard to Garden: The Domestication of America's Home Grounds'' (2008) for the standard history</ref>

===Native Americans===

===Native Americans===