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Description

==Description==

Ornitosis, also called Psittacosis or Parrot Fever, is a serious human disease with mortality ranging from 1% when treated with antiobiotics, to 20% when untreated. The bacteria (Chlamydia psittaci) invade people by breathing-in an invisible dust from infected birds. Most of the infected birds carry the disease without becoming sick and without any visible symptoms, a few die within three weeks.  

Ornitosis, also called Psittacosis or Parrot Fever, is a serious human disease with mortality ranging from 1% when treated with antiobiotics, to 20% when untreated. The bacteria (Chlamydia psittaci) invade people by breathing-in an invisible dust from infected birds. Most of the infected birds carry the disease without becoming sick and without any visible symptoms, a few die within three weeks.  

Causes

==Causes==

Although all birds can be carriers of this disease, parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatiels, pigeons (widespread), turkeys, ducks, chicken, finches and canary birds have been most frequently involved in transmission to people, with parrots on top of this list, and canary birds at the bottom. Related diseases happen also among sheep and tortoises. Several cases of human-to-human infection have also been reported. The very same disease, when acquired from any kind of a parrots (order Psittaciformes) is called Psittacosis; when acquired from any other kind of bird, a generic name Ornitosis is used.  

Although all birds can be carriers of this disease, parrots, parakeets, macaws, cockatiels, pigeons (widespread), turkeys, ducks, chicken, finches and canary birds have been most frequently involved in transmission to people, with parrots on top of this list, and canary birds at the bottom. Related diseases happen also among sheep and tortoises. Several cases of human-to-human infection have also been reported. The very same disease, when acquired from any kind of a parrots (order Psittaciformes) is called Psittacosis; when acquired from any other kind of bird, a generic name Ornitosis is used.  

Symptoms

==Symptoms==

The symptoms start after 1-2 weeks of exposure, initially mildly, with subsequent aggravation. Initially symptoms may include: fever, shivering, sensitivity to light, muscle pains, bleeding from nose, abdominal pains, nausea or vomiting, restlessness. The second phase may include: endocarditis (inflamation of heart valves), hepatitis, painful caughing, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and potentially deadly sepsis and septic shock (a whole-body inflamation).  

The symptoms start after 1-2 weeks of exposure, initially mildly, with subsequent aggravation. Initially symptoms may include: fever, shivering, sensitivity to light, muscle pains, bleeding from nose, abdominal pains, nausea or vomiting, restlessness. The second phase may include: endocarditis (inflamation of heart valves), hepatitis, painful caughing, severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and potentially deadly sepsis and septic shock (a whole-body inflamation).  

Diagnosis

==Diagnosis==

Diagnosis is possible (Levinthal-Cole-Lillie makrophages present) but in real life diagnosis is difficult, and likely to be mis-diagnosed as flu or pneumonia. According to CDC „since 1996, fewer than 50 confirmed cases were reported in the United States each year. Many more cases may occur that are not correctly diagnosed or reported.“ Larger outbreaks happen from time to time. Suspicion of sittacosis /ornitosis should be considered especially with the following symptoms on top of the forementioned: brachycardia (slow pulse) in spite of fever, enlargement of spleen. muscle aches with their tension, spots in the face skin. The increase in antibodies count, four-fold typically in sittacosis /ornitosis, may be misleadingly subdued by the use of antibiotics.  

Diagnosis is possible (Levinthal-Cole-Lillie makrophages present) but in real life diagnosis is difficult, and likely to be mis-diagnosed as flu or pneumonia. According to CDC „since 1996, fewer than 50 confirmed cases were reported in the United States each year. Many more cases may occur that are not correctly diagnosed or reported.“ Larger outbreaks happen from time to time. Suspicion of sittacosis /ornitosis should be considered especially with the following symptoms on top of the forementioned: brachycardia (slow pulse) in spite of fever, enlargement of spleen. muscle aches with their tension, spots in the face skin. The increase in antibodies count, four-fold typically in sittacosis /ornitosis, may be misleadingly subdued by the use of antibiotics.  

Treatment

==Treatment==

Treatment with antibiotics is almost always effective (with the exception of heart-valve inflamation, since heart valves themselves are not supplied with blood), unless treatment started too late. Doxycycline, Docycline hyclate administered intavenously in severe cases,Tetracycline hydrochloride, Chloramphenicol palmitate, have been successfully used. In very severe cases treatment should focus on supporting the vital functions. After recovering, the antibiotic treatment should continue for two weeks.

Treatment with antibiotics is almost always effective (with the exception of heart-valve inflamation, since heart valves themselves are not supplied with blood), unless treatment started too late. Doxycycline, Docycline hyclate administered intavenously in severe cases,Tetracycline hydrochloride, Chloramphenicol palmitate, have been successfully used. In very severe cases treatment should focus on supporting the vital functions. After recovering, the antibiotic treatment should continue for two weeks.

Follow-up precautions

===Follow-up precautions===

After returning home it is a good precaution to immediately and thoroughly wash (with bleach added to the water) the previously used bedding sheets and clothing.  

After returning home it is a good precaution to immediately and thoroughly wash (with bleach added to the water) the previously used bedding sheets and clothing.  

References:

==References==

Several sources have been used, in first place the website of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US Department of Health and Human Services). For section „Treatment“ information from Wikipedia has been used.

Several sources have been used, in first place the website of Center for Disease Control and Prevention (US Department of Health and Human Services).